News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
June 27, 2007
One generation’s faculty gossip is sometimes another’s cultural history. At the University of Chicago in the early 1950s, a professor stopped a teenage student leaving one of his classes. She was not properly enrolled in the course, but bureaucratic proprieties really did not have anything to do with it. She was stunning. He was smitten. They had lunch. And 10 days later, give or take, Philip Rieff was joined in marriage to a young woman who never actually did change her name to Susan Rieff, instead always being known as Susan Sontag.
They did not live happily ever after. The opening pages of Sontag’s last novel, In America, are written in a first-person voice that sounds very much like the author’s. The narrator mentions reading George Eliot as a young bride and bursting into tears at the realization she had, like Dorothea in Middlemarch, married Casaubon.
As you may recall, Dorothea is at first transfixed by the learning and gravitas of Casaubon, a scholar who is many years her senior. It soon dawns on her (as it does perhaps more quickly for the reader) that he is a bloodless pedant, joyless except when venting spleen against other bloodless pendants. And there are hints, as clear as Victorian propriety will allow, that Dorothea’s honeymoon has been disappointing in other ways as well.
Sontag’s allusion must rank as one of the more subtly devastating acts of revenge ever performed by an ex-wife. At the same time, it is in keeping with some durable and rather less literary attitudes towards professors — the stereotype that treats them as being not just other-worldly, but also rather desexed by all the sublimation their work requires. This view really took hold in the 19th century, according to the analysis presented by A.D. Nuttall in Dead From the Waist Down: Scholars and Scholarship in Literature and the Popular Imagination (Yale University Press, 2003).
But a different cliché is emerging from Hollywood lately. The summer issue of The American Scholar contains an essay by William Deresiewicz called “Love on Campus” that identifies a “new academic stereotype” visible in popular culture. The sexually underachieving Casaubon’s day is over. The new stereotype of the professor has some notches in his bedpost (this character is almost always a male) and for the most part demonstrates his priapic prowess with students.
Universities in real life are “the most anxiously self-patrolled workplace in Ameican society,” writes Deresiewicz, “especially when it comes to relations between professors and students. This is not to suggest that sexual contact between college students and professors, welcome or unwelcome, never takes place, but the belief that it is the norm is the product of fantasy, not fact.”
Yet the fantasy is played out in numerous contemporary films. It merits examination for what it implies about how academe is perceived and (mis)understood.
The stereotyped character in question is often a professor of English or creative writing, as in “The Wonder Boys” or “The Squid and the Whale.” But sometimes he teaches philosophy ("The Life of David Gale") or French ("Little Miss Sunshine"). He is consumed with ambition. But he is also a loser. Those condition — academic ambition, abject failure — are identical, at least given the implicit logic of the stereotype.
“In the popular imagination,” writes Deresiewicz, “humanities professors don’t have anything to be ambitious about. No one really knows what they do, and to the extent that people do know, they don’t think it’s worth doing.... It may be simply because academics don’t pursue wealth, power, or, to any real extent, fame, that they are vulnerable to such [criticism]. In our culture, the willingness to settle for something less than these Luciferian goals is itself seen as emasculating.”
So he neglects his family, or drinks, or both. Above all, he seduces his students. The latter is not so much an abuse of power as a symptom of having no real power at all. He is “a figure of creative sterility,” writes Deresiewicz, “and he is creatively sterile because he loves only himself. Hence his vanity, pomposity, and selfishness; his self-pity, passivity, and resentment. Hence his ambition and failure. And thence his lechery, for sleeping with his students is a sign not of virility but of impotence: he can only hit the easy targets; he feeds on his students’ vitality; he can’t succeed in growing up.”
At one level, this new character may look like the negation of earlier clichés about absent-minded and asexual professors. But that appearance is, in some ways, misleading. These more recent fictional figures are, so to speak, Casaubon on Viagra. Like his ancestor, the contemporary on-screen professor is empty and vain, and going nowhere fast. But he has another way to vent. “In both ‘Terms of Endearment’ and ‘We Don’t Live Here Anymore,’” notes Deresiewicz, “ ‘going to the library’ becomes a euphemism for ‘going to sleep with a student.’ ”
Deresiewicz offers a cogent analysis of how this stereotype may reflect the changing place of academe in American society and the contradictory attitudes it evinces. He also presents some thoughts on a dimension of education that popular culture for the most part ignores: the eros of learning, the way a student can fall in love with a teacher for reasons having nothing to do with sexuality. Combining them, as Sontag tried to do with Rieff, seems like a bad idea.
It is a remarkable essay — cogent on many points, and adventurous in making some of them, given the inescapable risk of being misunderstood. (I half expect to see Deresiewicz on a cable program with the words “Professor Advocating ‘Brain Sex’ ” at the bottom of the screen.) Rather than quote or paraphrase any more of it, let me simply recommend that you read the whole thing.
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The media does the same thing with psychologists, who are nearly always depicted as sleeping with their patients (clients). This is one of the strongest taboos in the profession and rarely happens because it is anti-therapeutic (APA has statistics), but that doesn’t change the media’s portrayals. As a result, I believe the public considers this violation of ethics to be a routine occurrence.
Perry, at 10:00 am EDT on June 27, 2007
I stopped watching Friends when Ross, supposedly a palaeontology (associate?) professor at NYU started sleeping with one of his students. There was absolutely no sense on the show that this was something ethically questionable at best.
I don’t know whether the character of Ross Geller was a “Casaubon on Viagra” or not. . . I’d say not, on balance. He was a non-stereotypical, or perhaps simply an implausible, academic.
Amanda French, at 10:10 am EDT on June 27, 2007
I’m fairly sure that the movie title “The Squid and the Whale” is taken from Richard Moore’s poem “A Deep Discussion.” The poem is an argument between a squid and the sperm whale who wants to eat him about the superiority, or lack of it, of intellect as an occupation. Significantly, the squid hides in a cloud of ink. He regards the whale as intellectually inferior. The whale feels no sense of inferiority. If anything, he says that his experience of world travel has given him a broader, therefore better, education than the squid’s narrow specialization. He points out that he is at the top of the food chain, well able to feed on squid. As they argue, the whale gradually runs out of breath. When the squid threatens to seize and drown him, he is forced to surface for air as the squid escapes.
In the poem, Moore gives the victory to the intellectual squid but in the movie it’s the leading man, a college professor, who ends up looking like a loser even to his own children. If there is a stereotype in popular culture of college professors as otherworldly losers compared to worldly successes, is this because screenwriters see them that way or because they think audiences see them that way?
Jack Olson, at 10:10 am EDT on June 27, 2007
Relevant to this discussion, we recently published a book by the late communications scholar Janice Hocker Rushing, Erotic Mentoring, which explores older faculty (mostly male) relationships with their students using a variety of Jungian stereotypes to demonstrate patterns. She draws from her own experience, and that of 200 other women she interviewed.
Mitch Allen, Publisher at Left Coast Press, Inc., at 12:35 pm EDT on June 27, 2007
First, for Jack Olson. No, the title of the movie is not from Richard Moore’s poem; it’s from the quite wonderful display of the squid and the whale at the American Museum of Natural History on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. See ...
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/p...t/ocean/01_dioramas/n_spermwhale.php
Second, Scott and William Deresiewicz, you simply cannot have this discussion without paying homage to “antiquity” ... and that goes back much further than “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolfe?” Anyone who has the slightest interest in this theme – and why wouldn’t you?” – should get a copy of the spectacular Josef Von Sternberg film, “The Blue Angel” (1930), starring Marlene Dietrich, Emil Jannings, and Kurt Gerron. Oh my!
If I’m not mistaken, there are both English- and German-language versions.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020697/
Third – and I realize I need to get a life – I have seen all of the movies in Scott’s list, and I want to go on record as saying Jeff Daniels is one of America’s least appreciated, exceptional actors (I almost said “great”).
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001099/
Finally – and here comes Mr. Know-It-All – this phenomenon is perfectly obvious and easily explained ... but to understand it you must first understand what I think is called Hoyer’s Insecurity Theory (HIT). According to Hoyer – and he concedes that not all academics reach their station in life via the “insecurity route” described below – his theory explains why well over 60% of all “professors” (interpreted broadly) choose that profession.
Here’s how it works ...
STEP 1. At some stage of the game – grade school, junior high, high school, somewhere – John discovers that he has an aptitude for succeeding in school (not to be confused with having intellectual interests).
STEP 2. John goes to college ... not necessarily because he was “successful” at Step 1, but because everyone goes to college. Oh, wow, for a reason he may or may not understand, he does fairly well in college.
STEP 3. John graduates from college. Ouch! he’s confronted with a difficult choice. He can either go out into the hard, cruel world or he can – because he’s got a feel for this sort of thing and it’s pretty easy for him – go to graduate school.
[Note: Some go on to professional schools and, although there’s a fork in HIT at that point, Hoyer asks us to take his word for the fact that it still “works” for those who take that route. Of course, only a very few go to graduate school to get a master’s degree. Master’s degrees are consolation prizes for those who are not up to what is required to get a Ph.D. Those with master’s degrees go on to be high school teachers (and coaches, counselors, or assistant principals).]
STEP 4. John gets a Ph.D. Ouch! he’s confronted with a difficult choice. Either he can go out into the hard, cruel world or he can – because he’s got a feel for this sort of thing and it’s pretty easy for him and because he was required to do some teaching and research as a graduate student – become a professor.
He knows he won’t make fortune – although the work is fairly steady and the income is predictable – but society at large has wonderful misconceptions about selfless professors who eschew the financial rewards of their educations and devote their lives to the children of others. They also have the mistaken notion that educated people – and we’re all educated aren’t we? (that’s the easy part) – are also intellectuals and scholars. John won’t tell if you won’t.
STEP 5. John become a college or university professor ... and please call him Dr. Pro, Ph.D.
That’s the end of HIT, but I’ll add some steps of my own...
STEP 6. Being the insecure person he is and being generally revered by a public that hasn’t got a clue, John is prone to earlier, longer, and more intensive mid-life crises than the next guy.
STEP 7. John finds himself in an environment with a very large number of young, vulnerable, respectful (and often adoring) individuals ... oh, did I mention that they’re women and a very large number of them are at that stage of their lives where they’re experimenting with freedom and independence.
STEP 8. You know, things have not been going that well for John. He has been living with his family so long they can see right through his insecurity. And his colleagues have a very accurate sense of his professional (in)competence. He imagines an affair with a young co-ed will satisfy his pathetic quest for respect and power ... and demonstrate that he has still got what it takes.
But what do I know?
RWH, at 12:45 pm EDT on June 27, 2007
Oh come on folks, are we really denying that students and professors don’t sleep with each other and then come up with post-facto ethical justifications.
And, if you watch “Friends” you don’t count.
Larry, at 12:45 pm EDT on June 27, 2007
Whenever a professor in the humanities or social sciences shows up on Law & Order, they almost always fit into this stereotype. On the other hand, science professors on Law & Order always appear to be aloof, cold and uncaring (about other human beings).
Anonymous, at 4:25 am EDT on June 28, 2007
I just read “Love on Campus” by William Deresiewicz, and I’m afraid all of that academic blah, blah, blah about love and sex has just ruined my day. Whew!
Truthfully, I think there should be a law that forbids academics from talking about love, sex, and humor ... just as there should be a law that forbids politicians from talking about ethics, honesty, and integrity.
Anyway, when I got down to the part where Deresiewicz said, “Sex is the god we worship most fervently; to deny that it is the greatest of pleasures is to commit cultural blasphemy” that was just too much for me. Admitting that the whole point of Viagra is to make money for Pfizer, not to help men “get it on,” Deresiewicz’s comment reminded me of that wonderful ad in which the Dean of Arts and Sciences is soaping up his ’58 Corvette when his next-door neighbor, a really hot, mature, tenure-track Assistant Professor of Psychology, lures that poor innocent up to her bedroom.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbsd2eUmdNA
That may be the way it works in academe, but I could just see millions of non-academic men all over America (1) wondering why that idiot would soap up that beauty to begin with and (2) shouting “You stupid jerk ... rinse off the car!!! Hot babes are a dime a dozen ... but that’s a 1958 Vette!!!”
If you think I’m wrong about that, Volkswagen has a whole series of ads that play on the tension between a man and his wheels and a man and his women. Here are just two ...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxjP4tOuI6E&mode=related&search=
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_ANpajbyvk&mode=related&search=
And you can be certain that if, when Alcibiades was putting the moves on Socrates, Plato tooled by in an Acura NSX-T, Alcibiades would have been out of there in a flash.
Finally, RWH, the last edition of Hoyer’s Insecurity Theory I saw had, as the final sentence in STEP 3, “Master’s degrees are consolation prizes for those who are not up to what is required to get a Ph.D. Those with master’s degrees go on to be high school teachers (and coaches, counselors, or assistant principals), and those with master’s degrees plus eighteen hours can become professors at community colleges.”
Frizbane Manley, at 11:15 am EDT on June 28, 2007
Following after the know-it-all, let me suggest that one could, rather than renting the dvd, actually read The Blue Angel, by Heinrich Mann, in anonymous translation from Frederic Ungar Publishing (1979), which appends a dandy translation of von Sternberg’s continuity script for the 1929 Marlene Dietrich movie. (Mann, elder brother of the justly more famous Thomas, published it as Professor Unrat in 1905.)
As to the larger question: although Hoyer’s scenario rings comically true, it’s foolish to look to any reality concerning academics in order to explain distortions in the public image of professors. Ask instead why the public might want to believe those things, true or not.
I’ve learned to accept that my students tend to see me as some sort of quaint loser, somewhat along the lines of a Disney dwarf. If that’s the price I have to pay for not racing with the rats, no problem—well worth it. I suppose I’m protected from the Viagra thing by being fat and jolly.
the professor of ignorance, at 12:50 pm EDT on June 28, 2007
I’m surprised nobody has mentioned that a rather high percentage of humanities profs are now women. Perhaps it’s because women profs don’t have time to waste reading and posting on websites like this one. We are juggling the demands of our profession along with motherhood. When the occasional male student looks at our frazzled selves in dreamy-eyed invitation, it is an easy offer to resist. We simply haven’t the time, and the allure of a younger male to an older female is by nature less poweful. The risk simply does not justify the reward. As far as female humanities profs being losers, it is a relatively high-paid career that gives one ample time to be at home with small children. No regrets here.
flordelmal, at 5:00 pm EDT on June 29, 2007
It’s amusing to contemplate the evidence that there are so many faculty out there who WANT to sleep with their students. How can they hop into bed with a species of parasite that consistently lies about why it didn’t do its homework or show up for class? Aren’t they bothered at all about students’ motives?
Vivian, at 6:00 am EDT on June 30, 2007
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it’s not just men
Recall that Garp’s wife, who was (I think) an English prof as well, has an affair with a student in Irving’s The World According to Garp. Also, for another take on the “erotics” of teaching, see Jane Gallop’s Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment (1997).
bd, at 8:30 am EDT on June 27, 2007