Advertisement

News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education

Many Adults Left Behind

As study after study, politician after politician, educator after educator all call for the United States to find ways to provide a college education to a larger share of the population, much of the emphasis of these exhortations is about low-income disadvantaged youth who may lose a shot at higher education because they lack funds and good high schools.

A new analysis of state policies and enrollment patterns, however, is trying to put more focus on adult learners. “Adult Learning in Focus,” released Friday by the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning, prepared in collaboration with the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, argues that many state policies may discourage those older than traditional college age from obtaining any higher education. This group of students, the report argues, is particularly in need of higher education to get good jobs, and these students’ states depend on having more highly trained workers.

The report is a mix of data showing the large share of the adult population lacking any higher education degree, and information about various policies that might encourage more degree attainment. Of particular importance, the report notes, are policies that affect community colleges and part-time students, as adult students are more likely than their traditionally aged counterparts to enroll part time, and to enroll in two-year institutions.

In a legal sense, of course, college students who are 18 years and up are adults, so the definition of “adult student” is a key issue. Generally, the new report notes, the term is used to refer to those who are 25 and older, a group that makes up about 38 percent of all undergraduates in credit programs in the United States. But the report suggests that there are other students, younger in age, who may also deserve to be counted in this group. These are students who did not move directly from high school to college, enroll part time and/or while holding a full-time job, are financially independent of their parents, and who have dependents other than spouses.

At community colleges, adult students make up around 43 percent of the student body, a share that has been growing.

Despite the growing enrollments, the report suggests that many if not most adults who might benefit from higher education are not receiving any. Among the key statistics:

  • In 35 states, more than 60 percent of the population does not have an associate degree or any higher degree.
  • More than 32 million adults in the United States have never attended college and do not earn a living wage. Of these, 8 million speak little or no English.
  • Using data suggesting the share of the population that needs a college education for states to compete economically, 32 states will not be able to reach target goals educating only traditional age students.

The data in the report show that states vary widely in terms of the share of their adult populations that have a college degree, the relative cost of higher education and the availability of aid.

For instance, the percentage of adults aged 25-64 with at least an associate degree is as high as 49.2 percent (in Massachusetts) and as low as 25.0 percent (in West Virginia). The average for the United States is 37.2 percent.

Percentage of Adults Aged 25-64 With a College Degree

Rank

State

Percent

1

Massachusetts

49.2%

2

Connecticut

44.6%

3

Maryland

44.5%

4

New Hampshire

44.3%

5 (tie)

Colorado

44.1%

5 (tie)

Minnesota

44.1%

7

Vermont

44.0%

8

New Jersey

43.6%

9

Hawaii

43.3%

10

New York

42.9%

11

North Dakota

42.8%

12

Virginia

42.6%

13

Washington

42.3%

14

Rhode Island

40.6%

15

Nebraska

40.4%

16

Illinois

39.7%

17

Utah

39.5%

18

Kansas

38.9%

19

Montana

38.6%

20

South Dakota

38.5%

21

California

38.2%

22 (tie)

Iowa

37.8%

22 (tie)

Oregon

37.8%

24

Wisconsin

37.7%

25

Maine

37.1%

26

Delaware

37.0%

27

Pennsylvania

36.9%

28

Florida

36.7%

29

North Carolina

35.6%

30 (tie)

Michigan

35.3%

30 (tie)

Georgia

35.3%

32

Alaska

35.2%

33

Arizona

34.8%

34

New Mexico

34.3%

35

Idaho

34.1%

36

Wyoming

34.0%

37

Missouri

33.8%

38

Ohio

33.4%

39 (tie)

South Carolina

32.7%

39 (tie)

Texas

32.7%

41

Indiana

31.8%

42

Oklahoma

31.0%

43

Alabama

30.5%

44

Tennessee

29.9%

45

Kentucky

29.3%

46

Nevada

29.0%

47

Mississippi

28.4%

48

Louisiana

26.7%

49

Arkansas

26.1%

50

West Virginia

25.0%

As a means of identifying the availability of higher education to those adults most in need, the report ranks states on the share of median family income — among the poorest adults aged 25-44 — necessary to pay tuition and fees at a public community college. The national average is 7.0 percent.

Public 2-Year College Tuition and Fees as Percentage of Median Family Income for Poorest 40%

Rank

State

Percent

1

New Hampshire

15.0%

2

Vermont

14.5%

3

New York

12.3%

4

Minnesota

11.9%

5 (tie)

Ohio

11.8%

5 (tie)

South Carolina

11.8%

7 (tie)

West Virginia

11.7%

7 (tie)

Maine

11.7%

9

Alabama

11.4%

10

South Dakota

11.2%

11 (tie)

Montana

10.7%

11 (tie)

Iowa

10.7%

13

Pennsylvania

10.6%

14 (tie)

Tennessee

10.1%

14 (tie)

North Dakota

10.1%

16

Kentucky

9.9%

17 (tie)

Oregon

9.8%

17 (tie)

Oklahoma

9.8%

19 (tie)

Wisconsin

9.1%

19 (tie)

Indiana

9.1%

21

Massachusetts

9.0%

22

Washington

8.9%

23

Missouri

8.8%

24

Mississippi

8.5%

25

Michigan

8.1%

26

Maryland

7.9%

27 (tie)

Delaware

7.7%

27 (tie)

Alaska

7.7%

29 (tie)

Connecticut

7.6%

29 (tie)

New Jersey

7.6%

29 (tie)

Arkansas

7.6%

32

Rhode Island

7.5%

33

Illinois

7.4%

34 (tie)

Kansas

7.3%

34 (tie)

Nebraska

7.3%

36

Florida

6.7%

37 (tie)

Utah

6.6%

37 (tie)

Virginia

6.6%

39 (tie)

Colorado

6.5%

39 (tie)

Idaho

6.5%

41

Wyoming

6.4%

42 (tie)

Georgia

6.3%

42 (tie)

Louisiana

6.3%

44

North Carolina

5.2%

45

New Mexico

5.1%

46 (tie)

Texas

5.0%

46 (tie)

Nevada

5.0%

48

Arizona

4.9%

49

Hawaii

3.4%

50

California

2.4%

Additionally, given the need for so many adult students to enroll part time, the report ranks states on the percentage of their need-based aid that goes to part-time students. States can make it easier or more difficult for part-time students to receive aid (with the report strongly advocating the former approach).

Percentage of Need-Based Aid Going to Part-Time Students

Rank

State

 

1

Minnesota

41.4%

2

New Mexico

30.0%

3

Nebraska

28.8%

4

Illinois

26.0%

5

Wyoming

25.0%

6

Arizona

21.5%

7

California

18.8%

8

Kentucky

17.0%

9

Florida

16.0%

10

Michigan

15.0%

11

Rhode Island

14.0%

12

Washington

13.0%

13

New Hampshire

11.7%

14 (tie)

Colorado

11.0%

14 (tie)

Vermont

11.0%

16

Massachusetts

9.0%

17

Virginia

8.0%

18

Oklahoma

7.1%

19 (tie)

Alaska

7.0%

19 (tie)

Connecticut

7.0%

19 (tie)

Hawaii

7.0%

22

South Carolina

6.0%

23 (tie)

Maine

5.0%

23 (tie)

Montana

5.0%

23 (tie)

Pennsylvania

5.0%

26

Maryland

4.5%

27

Tennessee

4.0%

28 (tie)

Indiana

2.0%

28 (tie)

Missouri

2.0%

28 (tie)

New Jersey

2.0%

31

New York

1.5%

32

Arkansas

1.0%

Tied for last

Oregon

0%

Tied for last

Alabama

0%

Tied for last

Delaware

0%

Tied for last

Georgia

0%

Tied for last

Idaho

0%

Tied for last

Iowa

0%

Tied for last

Kansas

0%

Tied for last

Louisiana

0%

Tied for last

Mississippi

0%

Tied for last

Nevada

0%

Tied for last

North Carolina

0%

Tied for last

North Dakota

0%

Tied for last

Ohio

0%

Tied for last

South Dakota

0%

Tied for last

Texas

0%

Tied for last

Utah

0%

Tied for last

West Virginia

0%

Tied for last

Wisconsin

0%

Scott Jaschik

Got something to say?


Want it on paper? Print this page.
Know someone who’d be interested? Forward this story.
Want to stay informed? Sign up for free daily news e-mail.

Advertisement

Comments

Community college

Until community colleges overcome their reputation that they are colleges of last resort offering obvious fun trips overseas to visit “the home of the bard” and courses on how to go about Internet dating, as they promote at the CC here in Pasadena, they may continue to have difficulty in creating a credibility factor to justify support for subsidies. These examples only understate the problem however (see “In the Basement of the Ivory Tower” June 2008 of The Atlantic ) especially in a state like California where registration at a CC is state mandated and where there is need of neither a high school diploma or citizenship to enroll.

F. Capobianco, at 10:25 am EDT on June 2, 2008

Take a good look

Maybe Community colleges in Pasadena have a different mission than the rest, but this half baked, “reputation” label being placed on community colleges is a dis-service. The Community Colleges’ mission is literally to be all things to anyone who may enroll. Community colleges provide courses with depth and rigor for the transfer students, many of which indicate that they were very well prepared for university work upon transfer. CC’s prepare students for entry into the working world through technical coursework. CC’s take students from any level and generally provide a method to achieve success. Un-like universities, CC’s do not take just the best and the brightest, stiff arming the rest. CC’s are a hell of a lot more than just “remedial” or 13th and 14th grade. They are multitasking institutions that must cover all the bases and usually are the most economic use of the public’s educational dollar. CC’s serve the approx. 80% of the population that will never see the inside of a 4 year college. CC’s are the much maligned, workhorse of higher ed. and generally deserving of much more credit than they get.

Bill, at 12:55 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Closer look at the numbers...

This article makes a good case for the need for equitable financial aid for adult learners. However, it leaves me wondering how many of the “[m]ore than 32 million adults in the United States” who “have never attended college and do not earn a living wage” are also high school drop-outs or individuals who graduated from an “underperforming” school. Perhaps adult education advocates should also consider promoting the improvement of secondary education for those who may be their future students. Funding alone cannot solve the problem of (often urban) public school students being left behind due to out-dated, underfunded and struggling K-12 educational systems.

Bridget Jakub, Assistant Director of Admissions at Carnegie Mellon University — Heinz School, at 1:50 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Community colleges are rountinely criticized regarding the execution of their multifaceted mission. However, it is interesting how those who benefit from a community college educational opportunity (i.e. the silent majority of college students) and improve their life situation seem to be disregarded by the naysayers. Shouldn’t all evidence be considered when community colleges are discussed?

b. ellison, Serving the Needs of Silent Majority, at 2:25 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Silly stats

If you follow the link in the article to the report and look at page 62 figure 64 you will find 0.0 percent of working adults get employer support for postsecondary courses and 0.0 percent for postsecondary programs. The figure on the next page 63 says employers pay colleges zero for adult education or worker training. Employer tuition reimbursement must be a myth.

Antoine, at 2:30 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Higher ed accessibility

Sadly, education has become a commodity, available to the wealthy or to those willing to go into sufficient debt (to the delight of lenders)to purchase it. It shouldn’t be this way. Those old enough will recall an era of greater opportunity and availability. Watch the PBS Documentary and read the book by the same name: DECLINING BY DEGREES. We call ourselves the “opportunity society,” but that opportunity is granted largely to those already advantaged. Some will say this situation represents the continued backlash against the sixties or, more generally, most Americans’ suspicion and even hatred of intellectuals other than those who invent stuff to sell (Gates).Maybe. In any case, we have drifted far from the post WWII world where higher education was more affordable and open to those who could least afford it.

George T. Karnezis, at 3:35 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Right on Bill

Of the courses I’ve taken at both CC and 4-year Univ. in my life as a learner, I got more out of the few CC courses than I got from all the 4-year counterparts. The major reason was “teacher focus.” At many 4-year universities the instructor’s focus is split between classroom and research. This does not help the learner as much as an instructor (well qualified I might add) that is focused on the coursework almost entirely. Another major difference is that seasoned instructors are found teaching general education courses at the CC, while Grad students are left to teach basic levels in many areas at the universities. CCs do a great service preparing students for the second half of a 4-year degree and many institutions know this. They articulate with CCs because the students they get through those articulations have a higher percentage of graduation than the ones right out of high school.

BTW, all Community Colleges are not created equal.

Befuddled, at 4:00 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Now I understand why my sister said my nephew can get no state aid for part-time college — in Louisiana. I assume that all the states tied for last in the category of percent of students getting need-based aid must categorically deny it to part-time students. It’s a relative elite that can be full-time students— this seems like such a bad policy for these states.

Interestingly, Vermont uses the highest percentage of income for college at 15% — wasn’t this the state that received recent notoriety for spending more on prisons than on higher education?

cobraqueen, at 5:35 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Two-tiered Society

What’s the beef? The lower 50% of society should do the kind of work that the lower 50% of the society does so the upper 50% can do higher order work. Flash: That’s how all societies have always worked and how they always will. Survival of the fittest. Some schools are over funded to maximize talent and ability, and other schools are “underfunded” so as not to waste money on people who aren’t particularly talented or driven. If everybody became rich then nobody would be rich. The whole point of being rich is that it only means something if most people aren’t. Econ 101, folks.

Man Singing at Inquirer Party, at 8:30 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

Absurdly socially darwinist

On the last social Darwinist comment: I fear there are all too many Americans who believe this rubbish. This commentator, like many of his ilk, immediately translates the idea of equal opportunity into some absurd belief that its defenders believe everyone will be “rich.” His or her zero sum game is pathological and would have been welcome by all slave holding as well as fascist tyrannies. To claim that this is the lesson learned in Econ 101 is an insult to all who’ve ever taught it. But after 8 years of George Bush, these sort of toxic sentiments are, I fear, all too current.

G. karnezis, at 11:30 pm EDT on June 2, 2008

music

Why do older adults want to become students again? They want good jobs, right? More than likely they have come to the realization as they got older that they are not working at what they should be working at, so they need to advance further with more education. At this point in their lives, they are most enlightened, creative, and willing to work really hard to achieve what they finally realize is their true destiny. IDEAL STUDENTS! So why not take advantage of that, and offer them assistantships for financial aid? Obviously they have no money, probably BECAUSE they were not working at what they should have been working at, so they were not as productive as they could have been all their lives so far. I am one such student. I wish the university I attend (one class at a time as I can pay for it) would see my worth and offer me what I need to get where I want to go a little sooner. Time is running out for me! However, no one seems to care. A goldmine of talent here, and if someone doesn’t pick up on this soon, it might fall by the wayside. I fight every day against the odds. I am working hard to champion for this cause as well as to perhaps earn my doctoral degree and become a music composition/oboe teacher at the college level.

Linda Swope, at 5:00 am EDT on June 3, 2008

To Linda Swope and Other Such Heroines/Heroes

Way to go, Ms. Swope. We in the upper half can always use a little more hard-working talent (and even, yes, a little more competition) from you in the lower half. Only don’t expect handouts from your university. That’s known as redistribution of wealth and violates the laws of Econ. 101.

To G. karnezis: Don’t forget the previous 8 years of Bill ("Right-to-work, NAFTA, continued corporate de-regulation and wellfare-reform) Clinton before George (tax-cuts-for-the-rich, war profiteering) Bush came to office.

If you look at other great civilizations (here defined as empires) you will see that their class structures were exquisitely preserved by a certain conversative/liberal dynamic. That’s how Republican Rome preserved itself for so long. The Patricians were split between a liberal faction (Caesar and the Grachii brothers) and a conservative faction (i.e. Crassus). It was the elites who had a contentious democracy—only among themselves, the Plebeians bedamned.

Econ. 101 states: Create very limited opportunities for a few, just a few, mind you, in the lower half to work their ****s off trying to please those in the upper half in hopes of joining the upper half, and you wind up with a social structure very advantageous to the rich. In all empires, throughout all of history, Econ. 101 has been true: Adopt policies which will tend to make the rich even richer than they already are and this will be good for the whole society. Ever notice that? That’s always what the rich say. “Let us become even more fantastically wealthy, and the whole society will benefit.” This can be done with a mix of liberal and conservative policies, the compromise of which is “moderate.” Moderate between what and what? Bill Clinton and George Bush? Remember how Clinton boasted that “our workers can compete with any workers in the world"? The unstated premise there being “compete” in a race to the bottom where discrepancies in standards and costs of living are concerned.

Policies like anti-union right to work laws, welfare-to-work (for minimum wage), limited education (through gross negligence and under funding of at least half the kids’ learning environments), global agreements on trade which are actually elitist, not global at all (as in NAFTA, etc.) and tax cuts for the rich—all a “diversified mix” of liberal and conservative policies best calculated to maintain the class structure. Econ 101.

But maybe it’s more accurate to say that Econ 101 forbids not redistribution of wealth, but re-redistribution of wealth, since the wealth, to get where it got to already, was redistributed from down low (where the real work and real heroism always is) to up high (where so much legalized stealing goes on).

Man Singing at Inquirer Party, at 8:50 am EDT on June 3, 2008

music

Thanks “Man Singing” — you made my day. You referred to me as a heroine, and I am going to do everything I can to live up to that. I am working hard toward my goal. Going against the odds will add strength to my work. Linda Swope

Linda Swope, at 6:00 am EDT on June 10, 2008

Advertisement

 Jobs Related to Many Adults Left Behind

or search for jobs directly.

Vice President for External Affairs
Huntingdon College — AL

Huntingdon College, a coeducational, baccalaureate liberal arts college of the United Methodist Church, located in ... see job

Assistant Dean, Arts & Sciences — 9AS01
Texas Woman’s University

Texas Woman’s University — Denton Campus Department: College of Arts and Sciences Title: Assistant Dean Job Code: 9AS01 Date ... see job

Associate Dean for Research and Extension
NC State University

Join the Pack! A community with nearly 8,000 faculty and staff, and 30,000 students. NC State is one of the largest employers ... see job

Assistant Dean of the Faculty
Princeton University

Position Summary: The Office of the Dean of the Faculty at Princeton University is seeking candidates for a ... see job

Professor & Director
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

The University of Minnesota is a premier employer and a talent magnet attracting leading faculty and staff from around the ... see job

Registered Nurse, Per Diem
Princeton University

Position Summary: Registered Nurse, Per Diem Position This is a casual hourly per diem position (September ... see job

Associate Director of Assessment
Walden University

Walden University is focused exclusively on providing a superior university experience for adult professionals through the ... see job

Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs
Morehouse College

Morehouse College invites nominations and applications for the position of Provost and Senior Vice-President for Academic ... see job

Vice President for Finance & Administration
Southern Oregon University

Faculty and staff make an educated choice to work at Southern Oregon University. They contribute to the education of students ... see job

Associate Director, Corporate and Foundation Relations **Re-Posted**
Princeton University

Position Summary: The Associate Director in the Office of Corporate and Foundation Relations is a frontline ... see job