News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
April 24
If you are conducting a faculty search, or trying to diversify the professoriate, or want to see whether various programs to do so have succeeded, the Survey of Earned Doctorates has always been a key source of information. They survey will tell you, for example, how many Latinos earned doctorates in chemistry (23 for the last year available), or how many black people earned doctorates in political science (34). If you watch the trends from year to year, and also pay attention to the total number of doctorates awarded (1,170 in chemistry to U.S. citizens, and 506 in political science), you have an instant sense of the changing or stagnant demographics of your pool.
Or at least you used to.
Citing privacy concerns, the National Science Foundation — which sponsors the survey — has ordered that data on subgroups beneath a certain size be blocked from release. So subgroups for which the numbers are small will no longer be available. So while we know that in 2005, six black people earned doctorates in earth, atmospheric and marine sciences, the NSF won’t reveal how many earned the degrees in 2006 (covered by the most recent report). Information about the number of Latinos earning degrees in some engineering fields is gone, as are data about a number of categories for black Ph.D.’s. For Native Americans, where the base is smaller, the impact of the new policy is especially dramatic. The report was stripped of information on how many doctorates were awarded to all but 6 of the 35 subfields for which data were collected.
Because most people who focus on the study are drawn to the overall trends, where data about various minority groups is preserved because of the larger sample sizes, the issue of the missing information is only now starting to receive attention. But advocates for increased diversity in graduate education and the professoriate are frustrated by the changes. They note that educational experts of many political perspectives agree that it’s hard to know how to tackle educational challenges without information about the performance of subgroups — that’s even one of the principles underpinning President Bush’s favorite education law, No Child Left Behind. So removing this information, advocates say, makes no sense. They add that debates about public policy would be informed by seeing these numbers in detail — and that the fact that the numbers are small is part of why they are important to consider.
“This hides information. It removes information,” said Andreen Neukranz-Butler, human rights compliance officer for the University of Idaho and a member of the board of the American Association for Affirmative Action. If a subgroup goes from two to four doctorates a year (or falls similarly), that’s important information, she said, and those working on these issues need to know it.
The Survey of Earned Doctorates is conducted for the NSF by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. But officials of the center said that they could not talk about the changes, and referred all questions on the change to the NSF, which sponsors the research.
Jaqui C. Falkenheim, the NSF project manager for the survey, confirmed the new rules via e-mail. She said that the agency had decided to block the release of the information about subgroups with small sizes based on a review by the Division of Science Resources Statistics of its procedures to protect confidentiality. “The findings of that review revealed the need, given more restrictive rules/guidelines and heightened concerns about confidentiality/privacy, to tighten SRS procedures for releasing SED data to the public,” she said.
She added that NSF “staff and contractors must comply with the laws governing the protection of information provided by respondents.... Any breach of confidentiality could substantially harm SRS’s ability to conduct its surveys and obtain the cooperation of respondents in the future. Protection of respondents’ confidentiality is crucial to maintaining our surveys’ high response rates, our reputation as a federal statistical agency, and the reputation of NSF as a research partner with academe.”
While she confirmed that the NSF “will be suppressing more small cells before releasing SED data than has been done in the past,” she said that the NSF was “committed to meeting the needs of our data users to the maximum extent possible, given the constraints that apply.”
Asked how large a cell needs to be before the NSF will release it, Falkenheim said that that information was covered by the new confidentiality rules as well. In some tables, it appears that the NSF is blocking cells that are smaller than six, and the number six does appear. But in other places, it appears that the cell size being blocked may be a little larger. For example, in the physical sciences, the NSF permitted the release of total data for black Ph.D. recipients (73) and the subgroups of chemistry (28), computer and information sciences (14) and mathematics (16). But there are two subgroups for which data have been blocked (earth and atmospheric sciences, and physics and astronomy) and to reach the total of 73 at least one of those categories must have more than five people in it.
Neukranz-Butler and several others familiar with the survey said that they were surprised by the concerns about confidentiality. While the survey has contained small numbers in some cells up until now, it has never named the individuals or institutions. So there has never been information on a particular person covered by any of the categories.
“The report never told you who the people were,” said Neukranz-Butler. “Why are we being hampered on getting very important information?”
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Calculating availability of faculty has become very difficult. Affirmative Action regulations require that federal contractors determine availability.
“Availability is an estimate of the number of qualified minorities or women available for employment in a given job group, expressed as a percentage of all qualified persons available for employment in the job group. The purpose of the availability determination is to establish a benchmark against which the demographic composition of the contractor’s incumbent workforce can be compared in order to determine whether barriers to equal employment opportunity may exist within particular job groups.” (41 CFR60-2.14)
The first factor is a look at the incumbency in similar positions in a reasonable recruiting area. This is difficult to determine for faculty because of changes in the 2000 census occupation codes that combined all post-secondary teachers into one code. A second factor in determining availability is a look at the incumbency in the job group in the employer’s workforce for the employees that could reasonably be promoted, transferred or would be trainable to be promoted or transferred. A third factor that my large, private, higher education institution uses for determining faculty availability looks at institutions capable of training potential recruits and comes from the Survey of Earned Doctorates as an indication of the number of people who have the necessary degree to be a faculty member in a specific discipline.
The changes, which have been made to protect privacy, will make it even more difficult to determine a current statistically significant availability for faculty positions, keeping in mind that an English professor cannot necessarily instruct, research or serve in an advisory capacity to the department of biochemical engineering nor, can a reasonable person expect someone with a Ph.D. in mathematics to research, instruct or advise in the law school or visual and performing arts.
Is anyone doing anything different to determine availability for faculty?
Melanie, at 10:20 am EDT on April 24, 2008
This latest move by NSF is absolutely outrageous. For years NSF data has been arranged by large ethnic category or by lumping US citizens together with non-citizens. It has never been a problem of confidentiality before. But the numbers of Ph.D.s by field and ethnicity for US citizens is essential for assessing the success or lack of it in increasing URM participation in higher ed. and for providing a sense of the pool for faculty positions. This latest move is utterly pointless, indeed counter productive. It seems yet another move intended to obscure the very slow growth of Ph.D. acquisition by ethnic minorities. What is the real motive here?
Anne MacLachlan, Senior Researcher at UC Berkeley, at 10:20 am EDT on April 24, 2008
The awarding of a doctorial degree is a public act. The graduates’ names are published in campus newspapers, university web sites and in professional journals.
Math Prof, at 10:25 am EDT on April 24, 2008
One strategy to increase cell size might be to group across years (say 3 years) or provide a running average. That could triple the numbers in the cell and still provide a longer term trend for analysis. The small number of doctoral “minority” students is such an entrenched problem that these data are critical to stimulating policy and program responses. WE NEED this data.
Deane Wang, University of Vermont, at 10:50 am EDT on April 24, 2008
As a native American myself (Inner Asian Mixed by heritage), I am amused and perplexed by this latest “news.”
The 2006 Survey uses the terms Asian, Black, Hispanic, American Indian, White and Other. That nomenclature seems to garble and foolishly confuse skin color, geographic region, and ethnicity.
Can someone explain the difference between Hispanic, Latino, and Chicano in a straightforward way that is consistent and succinct?
Chuck, at 11:00 am EDT on April 24, 2008
A few thoughts/observation.
Even with larger groupings this is going to cause problems. Take a look at UC’s edition of the data using five year and fifteen year data (http://www.ucop.edu/acadadv/datamgmt/welcome.html: ‘ Availabilities — by Fine Field’).
Chuck, the definition is pretty torturous and is driven by federal compliance. I thought I knew where the definition is at (http://www.dol.gov/dol/allcfr/ESA/Title_41/Part_60-741/toc.htm) but I can’t find it (anyone else?).
And finally, this data is very important in getting faculty to take seriously the often times subtle issues of opening up to diverse hiring and it has provided a benchmark they can compare themselves to. Problems with using the NORC data do abound but in the vast majority of cases it has been the best data out there.
California Willie, at 12:15 pm EDT on April 24, 2008
Copied from: http://www.archives.gov/eeo/terminology.html
“According to EEOC guidelines, minority is used to mean four particular groups who share a race, color or national origin.
These groups are: American Indian or Alaskan Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintain their culture through a tribe or community.
Asian or Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original people of the Far East, Southeast Asia, India, or the Pacific Islands. These areas include, for example, China, India, Korea, the Philippine Islands, and Samoa.
Black (except Hispanic). A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Hispanic. A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
The many peoples with origins in Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East make up the dominant white population. Of course, many more minority groups can be identified in the American population. However, they are not classified separately as minorities under EEO law.”
The already torturous definitions for ethnicity and race groups for compliance purposes are in the process of changing (one agency at a time). So, depending for the moment on which agency is receiving the reporting (i.e., DOL, DOE, OFCCP or EEOC) there might be some variations in terminology.
These are the changes that were made by the EEOC to the EEO-1 report + adds a new category titled “Two or more races” + divides “Asian or Pacific Islander” into two separate categories: “Asian” and “Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander” + renames “Black” as “Black or African American” + renames “Hispanic” as “Hispanic or Latino”
Melanie, at 5:00 pm EDT on April 24, 2008
I know that I seem like an oxymoron at times, but could we just once have a study done about white guys? I mean, we do study after study after study about how African Americans and minorities are this and that, but what about the common, and yes we have become common, white guy? Just a thought.
Martin, at 5:00 pm EDT on April 24, 2008
Martin’s ridiculous comment and those similar to it that he has made in the past affirm my previous observation about him: he is too ignorant about racial matters and too prejudiced toward blacks to engage in an intelligent conversation about race.
Donald Ray Jenkins, The Rev. Dr. at Independent Scholar, at 5:20 am EDT on April 25, 2008
Ah! Stop! The terminology is hurting me! Actually, it’s the literacy (or non-) of the commenters that’s torturous... I assume the terminology is simply tortuous.
JP, at 5:25 am EDT on April 25, 2008
I offer this further proof to Dr. Jenkins that perhaps I understand the African American mentality better than he things. On this very same day, one of his “brothers” Cleveland Sellers was named president of Voorhees College in SC, and instead of posting praise to Cleve, he posts a negative comment about me. Easier to be critical of the white guy, than to be supportive of one of your own. Thee are mirrors we look into every day, if you do not like what looks back..........
Martin, at 7:35 am EDT on April 25, 2008
Thanks JP
California Willie, at 2:30 pm EDT on April 25, 2008
Some institutions in the geosciences and erth system sciences have been witholding infomation due to low numbers for more than a decade. My hunch has been that it is to their advantage in order to tell shades of truth about there diversity and inclusion efforts (fudging the numbers to hoohwink NSF on broadening criteria). Is this an effort by NSF to help such institutions hide the ball? Afterall, my guess is that getting a PhD would be a source of pride and honor, so why be overly concerned if someone learn of one reaching such height of accomplishment. And too, it isn’t like it is a desease to be ashamed of. So, who is protecting who for the wrong reason is the real ugly to bring to light...in my opinion.
Ajearld, at 4:20 pm EDT on April 25, 2008
So, let’s think about this.
It is OK for agencies in Bush’s Federal Govt to secretly eavesdrop on citizens in the name of counter-terrorism.
The EPA has blocked CA and other states from mandating cleaner air standards (in 2016) faster than the Fed wants to (in 2020).
Now the NSF says it is NO LONGER OK to document how many Hispanics earned an PhD-EE in Solid State Physics last year, that is IF the number is embarassingly small.
The White House isn’t the only national institution which needs a CHANGE in leadership.
Can we, as educators, students, and voting citizens effect this change?
Yes We Can!01.20.2009
01.20.2009, at 5:50 pm EDT on April 25, 2008
If I were a researcher who used the NSF numbers, I wouldn’t be so quick to assume that there actually are federal regulations that prohibit the publication of the data. After all, haven’t the data been published in past years? Have any new regulations been adopted? No.
In reality, the decision to stop publishing the data was made by a couple of individuals, merely a different — and arbitrary — and perhaps wrong —interpretation of existing regs. Who knows? Other NSF staff could make a different decision. But that won’t happen unless the research community speaks up — and is persistent — because NSF is a bureaucracy and it’s difficult to get the attention of its leadership.
CHAF, at 12:15 am EDT on April 28, 2008
To echo a few of the other comments: I’m curious as to what the privacy concerns are.
Otherwise I believe “red herring” may be the correct term for using confidentiality/privacy as reasons to suppress information.
Oleg K., Graduate Student at UCLA GSE&IS, at 6:05 pm EDT on April 28, 2008
There is some good news for any of you who are interested in PhD demographics: there is a better place to get the data. The IPEDS data set contains complete information on the demographics of doctorates, with no data suppression. What’s more, IPEDS also has data on master’s students and on undergraduates, their data are not limited to science and engineering, they have a much more detailed taxonomy of disciplines than NSF, and they make their data available at the institution rather than the national level. IPEDS data are much more timely than NSF’s. And, best of all, you can get the full data set without having to pay NORC lots of money. The NSF may have just done you a big favor.
More here: http://blog.phds.org/2008/5/3/privacy-paranoia-at-nsf
Geoff Davis, at 1:35 pm EDT on May 3, 2008
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Native American Data Invisibility not New
For Native Americans, like myself, who also study college students this is an ongoing issue. You would be surprised how often quantitative studies leave out or simply do not include Native American data in the collection process and/or findings. This is often due to a small number of participants. However, there are statistical methods and approaches available to increase representation, but most researchers do not go to the trouble to do so. I believe this is a research ethics issue and should be addressed as such. Otherwise, Native Americans will continue to become less visible within higher education research.
John Garland, Doctoral Student at University of Maryland, at 10:05 am EDT on April 24, 2008