News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Nov. 20
Advocates for Asian-American students in recent years have repeatedly called for more differentiation among racial and ethnic groups. Classifying third- and fourth-generation Chinese Americans with recent arrivals from Vietnam doesn’t make much sense, they have argued, and hides the realities that many Asian Americans are educationally disadvantaged.
The University of California has been among the institutions paying the most attention to this issue and its application for undergraduate admissions currently has 8 categories for Asians to pick from. But under a new policy, those applying next year to enroll in the fall of 2009 will have 23 categories — a level of specificity that is believed to be unprecedented.
The shift followed a petition drive by students, as well as a desire by university officials to have better data on which Asian subgroups were achieving success — and which were facing obstacles — at the university.
“Many of the most disadvantaged groups in terms of parental education level and family income are the groups we don’t collect on the application,” said Bill Kidder, special assistant to the vice chancellor for student affairs at the university system. The new data will better enable campus officials to compare the graduation rates of different groups and to develop ways to support students who face difficulties.
One thing the university will not be able to do is to use the new information for affirmative action in admissions. California’s constitution bars the use of race or ethnicity in public college admissions decisions. But several experts said that the approach taken by the university system could be influential elsewhere. At many colleges, Asian Americans as a group are no longer “underrepresented,” but more attention to subgroups would reflect the way many categories are indeed largely invisible at elite colleges and universities — even as total Asian-American enrollments grow. A report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office in July highlighted the huge gaps in educational attainment and economic success among various Asian subgroups.
Currently, University of California admissions applications (and the data that come from them) have eight categories for Asians Americans: Chinese, East Indian/Pakistani, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Pacific Islander, Vietnamese and other Asian.
The new system will have groups of categories for Asian Americans and for Pacific Islanders. For the former, the categories woulds be: Chinese (except Taiwanese), Taiwanese, Asian Indian, Pakistani, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, Hmong, Thai, Cambodian, Laotian, Bangladeshi, Indonesian, Malaysian, Sri Lankan and other Asian. For the latter, the categories will be Native Hawaiian, Guamanian/Chamorro, Samoan, Tongan, Fijian and other Pacific Islander.
The University of California application currently offers Latinos the chance to designate themselves as Mexican-Americans or other Latinos. Most in the “other” category are from families who migrated from Central America. (In many cases, national data for Latinos would include breakdowns for those whose families are from Puerto Rico or Cuba, with the same rationale being offered in California for looking in detail at different groups. In California, however, enrollments are minimal from those groups.)
Barmak Nassirian, associate executive director at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, said he had never heard of another college application with that level of detail about Asian groups.While few states have California’s diversity of Asian populations, Nassirian said that many are seeing population growth from different Asian groups and that there is “much more variability” among them than within other racial groupings. “This could be a harbinger for other states that have significant populations of Asian Americans.”
Ted Y. Mashima, president of the Asian and Pacific Island American Scholarship Fund, said he had not studied the new California proposal, but was impressed with the ideas behind it. “When people think of Asian Americans, they think of high achieving, college-bound students, excellent in math and science,” he said.
While that is true for some, Mashima said, “the enormity of the differences between one country from another is pretty dramatic.”
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What is so special about being an Asian? As ‘Invisible’ suggests, what about others who belong to heterogenous groups that have been homogenized? No matter what we do, packaging individuals into boxes will not address the inequities that individual students or families have to deal with.
Unseen, at 10:10 am EST on November 20, 2007
I am amazed at the return of tribalism with a vengeance. Why are the so-called demographic data important, and what are they used for? In each of the countries of Asia there are other divisions and subdivisions of ethnic and linguistic categories. So, how far does one go to identify the basic tribe?
Isn’t it time to do away with all demographic categories and consider human beings as human beings? See no race, hear no race, speak no race and the obsession with race will disappear.
Unheard, at 11:00 am EST on November 20, 2007
I’m from rural North Carolina where the barriers to education and employment are numerous. Will there be a classification for me? I prefer “Appalachian American” since that is how I identify myself....and it is pronounced “app a LATCH an”
Seriously, unless the Cali system is using these data in any meaningful way (other than to make people feel good) then it doesn’t need to be collected.
mtnvol, at 1:25 pm EST on November 20, 2007
It seems to me, from the description of what they’re trying to achieve, that they could (and should) dispense with the ethnic categories and ask two other questions: generation in US, parents/grandparents level of education.
Jonathan Dresner, at 2:05 pm EST on November 20, 2007
The petition came out of a desire within the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities to have the diversity of our experiences recognized. The previous comments that do not acknowledge the level of importance in what is happening within the UC system simply demonstrates the ignorance they have of AAPI communities and is yet another reason why we need to make strides in the area of acknowledging the ethnic diversity among AAPIs.
As for other groups that may want to do a breakout of ethnic groups, all the more power to you.
outspoken, at 2:25 pm EST on November 20, 2007
Jonathan,
Your proposal seems to make sense at first blush, but UC are NOT trying to simply track recent immigrants or first-in-family university admits.
They (and those who lobbied them to make these changes) are looking for backdoor methods for implementing affirmative discrimination while sidestepping state laws. To do this, they need detailed numbers to show them where to allocate resources.
ACF
ACF, at 2:45 pm EST on November 20, 2007
Not satisfied with fomenting conflict between ‘races’ UC now want to extend that hostility to within a ‘race’. Would parody help put a stop to this? Joseph Heller is no longer with us but perhaps John Cleese or Eric Idle can go on YouTube singing “Chinese (except Taiwanese), Taiwanese, Asian Indian, Pakistani, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, Hmong, Thai, Cambodian, Laotian, Bangladeshi, Indonesian, Malaysian, Sri Lankan and other Asian. For the latter, the categories will be Native Hawaiian, Guamanian/Chamorro, Samoan, Tongan, Fijian and other Pacific Islande”
Bright Side, at 3:55 pm EST on November 20, 2007
When I started work at UC Berkeley, from out of state 5 years ago, I thought very much along the lines of “can’t we all just get along and put our differences aside” in many ways. Working with a primarily Asian student body has shown me a lot.
The differences of ethnicity and race of the different Asian countries combined with generational immigration make a HUGE difference on the success levels, socially AND academically, for Asian students. the cultural background combined with financial issues as well as expectations of the family are dramatically different for a Vietnamese American student compared to a Japanese American and so on and so on.
I think this new data will help quantify some of the struggles that different groups have and thus help support students in a better way.
For students with difficult economic circumstances, such as the Appalachian, we do collect data on students overall and there have been studies done for that population at other institutions I’m sure. However, here in California, that is less appropriate considering that over 45% of UC Berkeley is “Asian”
John, UC Berkeley, at 10:15 pm EST on November 20, 2007
Affirmative action gone wild. I was born in the US, with all grandparents from Poland. I’m not casually of Polish descent, and have worked in the country for 17 years, more or less. But it’s not that simple—-three of my grandparents were from the north of the country, from the Polanie tribe, while one was from the southeast, or a Goralnik (mountain folk.) So that makes me a Slavic-Polish-3/4 Polanie-and the rest Goralnik-American.
But hang on, it’s more complicated. Since Poland didn’t exist as a country in my grandparents’ day, the northerners were German citizens, and the one from the south was Austrian. So I guess I’m all of the above plus German-Austrian—-which would make me more mainstream than being from a couple of tribes. Since I’m transitioning from business and law to a professorship, I think I have the inside track for any position I want since I doubt few will match my distinguished and unique ethnicity.
So let’s agree to stop Polish jokes, and bring on some of those lucrative grants for a Slavic-Polish-Polanie-Goralnik-German-Austrian -American, who may also apply for Croatian citizenship. Or maybe I should keep trying to do my job better, and let the politically correct bean-counters worry about the important things.
David Kotcher (Kaczorowski), at 5:20 am EST on November 21, 2007
What about assessing the student’s financial situation just like schools always do and providing greater scholarship assistance to students with pronounced financial need—students like I was.
Let me tell you a little true story.
I was a declared independent with absolutely no parental contributions (meaning my “parents” did not and could not contribute a dime).
I got around $15,000 worth of grant aid for my undergraduate degree each year and I took out about $5000 worth of loans (sometimes more, sometimes less) each semester. The rest of my tuition (around $10,000 a year) I paid for on my own out of pocket by WORKING.
I worked a total of 50 hours a week on average, sometimes more, sometimes less, while also studying full-time (and this is no exaggeration).
I set up a payment plan and went in personally to the Controller’s office with a money order each month to pay my damn tuition.
I worked about 30 hours on the graveyard shift 4 days a week in housekeeping at a hotel. I then worked on campus in a hair-net for the food corporation for about 10 hours a week serving, prepping, and making food (and eventually running the entire snack bar). I also had sporadic work-study.
During the winters, springs, and summers I spent weeks at a time on cruise-ships performing (or cleaning) to make a bigger checks because, on top of tuition, I had room and board and basic necessities to address.
When times were even tougher, I went back and forth on the weekends to strip at places like the Show Palace in NYC and the Bijou in Chicago when they were open and showcasing burlesque. I debated with myself a lot about how to make quick money beyond my tuition money for things like winter clothes, shots for traveling on cruiseship jobs, and all sorts of expenses. Burlesque was a way to make $500 a weekend or more.
Talk about sacrifice. I studied on the train, on the bus, on breaks. I never once went to any parties as a college student. I was invisible. Like a shadow. Fellow students saw me working at the snack bar or drawing pictures on my dorm door in the wee hours of the morning to calm down after work. Sacrifice. Erratic. Survival.
My point is this: no one can do it like you can do it on your own. The sacrifice was huge. But nobody ever heard me complaining! I never wanted anything but a greater scholarship.
I could not make straight A’s because my work schedule did not permit it. Every semester was a strategic nightmare: which courses would get more time? Theater and dance courses that required my presence had to be curtailed sometimes so I could sleep during the day.
On top of all this, I also freelanced and wrote reviews off an on. Being an adult is about responsibility. A damn data sheet with questions! Are you KIDDING ME! Why not ask a student this:
- WHAT ARE YOU RESPONSIBLE FOR IN YOUR LIFE?
- WHO DO YOU GIVE BACK TO?
- WHAT ARE YOUR SACRIFICES?
- WHAT ARE YOU GRATEFUL FOR?
The entitlement inherent in some kinds of data collection and racialized thinking amazes me!
During my junior year a dear old acquaintance gave me $2000. I ended up using it for tuition because I literally had a breakdown trying to keep up such a draconian schedule. That money was like a scholarship for me. Emergencies were the worse...when you have no savings, what do you do when something terrible happens (like breaking my leg on a cruiseship job).
But I did all that in FOUR YEARS.
In grad school, I had half-fellowships. So I STILL worked—still at hotels or, in OH, at a gas station on the graveyard shift cleaning black-as-night oil off the ground of the bay every weekend night. And, intermittently, on cruisehips and odd performance jobs to get extra income.
People are most certainly racially oppressed and disadvantaged socio-economically...but how many are willing to clean bowel movement from around the rim of toilets and then, with no sleep, go to class at 8:30 AM?
Instead of collecting ridiculous data with endless and ultimately under-productive questions, simply look at a student’s financial means.
If they are deserving, if they work hard—and I always did!—give them really great scholarships and aid! Realize that straight A’s and perfect test scores aren’t always indicative of a student’s true promise. When you are working—and working class—you make tough decisions that have little to do with being smart.
I EARNED my college education and graduate degrees on levels that few can take away from me. Now THAT is affirmative action! I know full well that if I had a full ride (a full scholarship) I could have gotten more than a 3.5, 6 or 7 some semesters. I am shocked that my GPA was as high as it was!
But, you know what? Even without a full scholarship, even without a DIME from parents, you can battle for a degree and obtain it.
1) So, stop this racializing and award scholarships to the qualified poor who TRULY need it.
2) Give them more of a chance than I had. Award INDIVIDUALS who are willing to make sacrifices.
3) Stop entitling privileged people with merit scholarships when they can pay through their parents!
4) Don’t subtly favor Asians or any group with different data methods.
Invisibler, at 5:25 am EST on November 21, 2007
I worked in the office of Admissions of the University of California for 9 years and after the passage of Proposition 209 the ethnicity of students was not used and for that matter not even visible on admissions applications. The application processor removed ethnicity from the electronic application before it arrived at the campus. The data is used exclusively for the Office of the President for reporting purposes. Having been in the system this type of data collection may be interesting to data geeks but the usefulness at the campus level is far reaching at best.
Wil, at 11:50 am EST on November 21, 2007
I was reminded of a piece I wrote some years ago (http://www.safs.ca/april2003/ignorantversus.html), in which I referred to apartheid in the following paragraph:In addition, however, this sort of social engineering is also ultimately impracticable. Take, for instance, the claims of persons of so called “mixed race", or partial descent, to be included in designated or “affirmed” hiring groups. How will the line be drawn in deciding eligibility among applicants who are not “full blooded” members of a visible minority and or a Native Canadian category? Will we have to contrive South African style formulae to classify people so as to avoid minute examination of each individual’s parentage and descent? It may seem that this would be unnecessary under the employment equity procedures, but one can readily imagine that in a competitive job situation issues of this kind would arise. These decisions become arbitrary, and like all arbitrary decisions, lead to injustice.
Of course trust California (and the leftist social-engineering faculty and administration) to carry things to their ultimate logical conclusion. No wonder California has been called by some “the largest out-patient psychiatric institution in the world".
All the best, John
John Furedy, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at University of Toronto, at 5:30 am EST on November 22, 2007
Asian Californians’ widely varying education rates justify the collection of this information. Although many south Asian and east Asian groups have strong college graduation rates, many southeast Asian groups in California have worse high school dropout rates than African Americans.
This is not about affirmative action — California college admission standards are uniform across ethnic groups. Instead, this information can identify the southeast Asian groups that should be especially encouraged to apply to college. More of these students will then submit college applications, but the admission standards for these students will remain fixed.
This is not about being special — in other states, this could be done for non-Asian groups. The State University of New York could get more detailed information about European groups; the Florida university system could do this for Latinos. Non-Californians can develop their own opinions on how, or whether, to encourage wide access to college in their states, but for the University of California, it is most useful to get detailed information for Asian groups.
Mike B., San Jose, California, at 6:10 am EST on November 24, 2007
Vietnamese are Southeast Asians but they are doing extremily well at school. Academically, Vietnamese students are not categoried as “underrepresentative", because they are all over the places at San Jose State Univeristy, UC Davis, UC Irvirne, Cal Furlerton and Community Colleges in Santa Clara and Orange County. However financially, Vietnamese are more low income categoried
When it comes to money. Schools with Hispanic or Black population can apply for a lot of federal and state money for serving the “underrepresentative” minorities. But schools with more “Asian” population can not get any help because they are not “underrepresentative” category. I guest this is why schools try to re-classify the whole mess. It’ all for money, folks
longvong, at 11:50 am EST on November 25, 2007
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If you are going to shape a data form for Asian-Americans with that much specificity then why not have the same level of specificity for people of African, European, and Latin descent (to name but a few cultural markers)?
The label “African” contains, literally, thousands of ethnicities; Europe has hundreds; Latin countries as well.
Why not have detailed questions related to class, to changes in family circumstance, to every darn identifying trope imaginable?!
If race is a construction, then why do we keep constructing in ways that disfavor the person who is being labeled.
I mean, just ask the person an open-ended question as to how they wish to be identified.
I mean, the most sensible thing to do would be to give students—and everyone—a blank page with only one question and let the person answer it on the entire front and the entire back in any way they choose:
BEYOND YOUR NAME HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY YOURSELF?
Invisible, at 9:35 am EST on November 20, 2007