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Teaching America About Race

One thing is certain: Americans have strong perceptions — and misperceptions — about the meaning and significance of race. Attempting to poke holes in prejudices and provide the latest scientific and scholarly understanding of the issue, the American Anthropological Association has created an interactive educational program called RACE: Are We So Different? Also featured is a traveling museum exhibition, and project organizers are developing educational materials for teachers and organizing future conferences.

“We have taken a comprehensive look at race in America and have spent five and a half years pulling this together,” said Peggy Overbey, the program’s project director.

The project’s Web site presents quizzes, timelines and other interactive activities designed to consider questions on the history of race in America, human variation across the planet, and race as a “lived experience.”

The interactive timeline is especially helpful, as it allows students to track race in America as it evolved in government, science and society. For instance, clicking on “Government: 1830s-1850s,” opens a page that explains how the U.S. and Mexican governments handled race differently after the Mexican American War.

In another section, titled “Lived Experience,” users can test their knowledge of facts and stereotypes concerning race and sports. While the anthropologists generally emphasized race as a cultural construct, they acknowledged that physical variations can be found in different groups. One question and answer read: “Blacks dominate basketball because they are taller and can jump higher.” “Partly True.” It went on to explain that some studies have found that black athletes have relatively leaner bodies with more muscle mass, broader shoulders and larger quadriceps compared to whites. However, it is not known if this pattern found in elite athletes can be applied to the white and black populations in general.

The museum exhibit recently opened at the Science Museum of Minnesota, and Overbey said that more than a dozen other museums have expressed interest and have already signed letters to host the exhibit through the middle of 2011.

Janis Hutchinson, professor of anthropology at the University of Houston, said that the exhibit brought back personal memories of segregation and hit on several issues of race that continue to dominate American discourse. “This exhibit gets at the impact of how we live our life every day,” she said.

Both the exhibit and the Web site underscore three key themes:

  • How we define race has changed over time, and its very concept is of recent human invention and shaped by groups that hold power.
  • Race is a cultural phenomenon that places people into groups according to arbitrary biological and cultural characteristics. Race does not accurately describe human variation.
  • Race and racism are embedded in our culture and shape our understanding of ourselves and those around us. Racism is less overt than in the past, yet discrimination continues and racism holds sway over many of our daily choices.

At a news conference Wednesday, several advisers to the program weighed in on the issue. “We can conflate the idea of race as a lived experience, with race as genetics,” said Alan Goodman, president of the anthropology group and professor of anthropology at Hampshire College.

Jeff Long, a professor of human genetics at the University of Michigan Medical School, said that, because of recent advances in genetic sequencing, scientists have learned a great deal about patterns that can be found in the human genome. “These patterns are not captured well by our classic definition of race,” he said.

Those who avoided science in college need not fear getting lost in a sea of unfamiliar terminology. The Web site carries a list of terms from genetics and biology to carry you through the tough parts.

Arlene Torres, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, said that she feels the project will give students a better grasp of race, the history of racism, and how people can discriminate without really knowing it. “My hope is that this exhibit and Web site are a new beginning for a discussion about race in America,” she said.

Paul D. Thacker

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Comments

It is America that needs to teach the American Anthropological Association about race rather than the other way around. The voters of this country clearly reject the racial preferences of affirmative action, while their webside states that the AAA supported the University of Michigan’s affirmative action policies.

Enough, at 7:45 am EST on January 11, 2007

To initiate discussion of racial prejudice and bigotry in my classes, I sometimes hold up next to my ruddy face a sheet of white paper. “Is my skin white or non-white?” I ask my students. The correct answer is clearly non-white. I go from there to trying to explain how “black” and “white” are mental constructs which we impose on a browntanpink reality.

Not Nearly Enough, at 8:25 am EST on January 11, 2007

To “enough”

Hey “enough,” Get Educated, would you! I find it amazing that the only thing you got from this article had to do with affirmative action! People in this country are ignorant about race. People are the same biologically- the system of hierarchy that accompanies differences in skin color was CREATED, it is not inherent. Stop thinking that white people are biologically better. They just have had many generations of control over science, politics, economy, society in order to convince people of their dominance. Just as with the affirmative action debate, in order to look dominant, they have to denigrate others. It’s the American way.

andy, at 8:30 am EST on January 11, 2007

Too late!

It is great that American Anthropological Association has embarked on “exhibit gets at the impact of how we live our life every day,” however they should not neglect to show the picture of Governor George Wallace standing in the doorway of the University of Alabama to block two African American students from enrolling.

He has his supporters hanging around in IHE.

David Robertson, Professor at SUNY, at 8:51 am EST on January 11, 2007

Teaching America About Race

The exhibit sounds like a great learning tool not just about “Race” but life yesterday and today. Proactive institutions can use it as one vehicle to promote honest dialogue on race and diversity. I would like to bring the exhibit to my institution and community.

How can obtain information about the exhibit schedule and location?

Thanks

D. Perkins, Dean and Director of Affirmative Action and Diversity at Northeastern University, at 9:16 am EST on January 11, 2007

To “Enough” and others who claim that the voters of Michigan rejected race as a criteria for admission to college- it’s worth noting that Michigan (one of the MOST segregated states in our country) is 86% white- and only 14% non-white. No doubt those “voters” were white and worried about losing power or privilege. Yet, ironically, exit polls show that most people who voted for Prop 2 have never been to college. it’s the old pattern of ECONOMIC insecurity justifying RACIAL animosity. Our history shows that whenever the majority fears a loss of power or privilege, they rely on policies of “neutrality” and fairness to maintain that power. This is why, sadly, we won’t fix the race problem in American by disproving race as a biological phenomenon. It’s really about power.

Beyond biology and culture, public univ. in PA, at 9:35 am EST on January 11, 2007

Great Website!

Can the curriculum on the website be made into a pre-req for the world?

kgotthardt, at 9:55 am EST on January 11, 2007

To Dean Perkins

Dean Perkins — I hope you can get the roving exhibit to Northeastern. I also hope your department is willing to set up an internet course based on the exhibit — for CE credits, perhaps? — so that NU alums such as myself who live a distance can also learn from that exhibit.

NeUHusky, at 10:41 am EST on January 11, 2007

Redd Foxx on color

” .. I sometimes hold up next to my ruddy face a sheet of white paper. “Is my skin white or non-white?”

Redd Foxx as “Fred Sanford” after seeing a burglar flee his office:

Police officer: “Was the suspect colored?”

Fred: “Yeah — white!”

Also: about Michigan and “power” —

Of course, 56% of voters voted against the white billionaire’s son for the white female Harvard Law grad because they are small-minded. You’re right, and we’re wrong — as usual.

L.L., at 10:45 am EST on January 11, 2007

One has to ask “Beyond” what percentages have to do with “segregation?”

One also has to ask the academics on thisforum what they see in the student unions on their campuses. Are the blacks and whites mingling? Why not? Is it because one or the other group is ignorant of race?

Of course not.

The AAA effort has that nasty little whiff of victimhood about it. My own college blathers on constantly (and pays people to do it!) in efforts to teach us about “diversity.” Pfui! The staff, faculty, and students are already accepting of diversity and doubtless have been all their lives. After all, they are middle-class Americans.

I have my wife to do the job of scolding me for minor (and often imagined) errors—I can do without my college’s busybodies or the AAA.

Hubert Smith, Instructor, at 10:45 am EST on January 11, 2007

Dear Readers

Just a quick note. Neither the RACE Web site nor the museum exhibit go into much detail on affirmative action. Project organizers purposefully avoided the controversy to try and focus people’s attention on the more complex issue of race itself.

Paul D. Thacker, Reporter at Inside Higher Ed, at 11:30 am EST on January 11, 2007

Little Boxes

People will find ways to prove they are elite. The ones that count are total net worth and how one spends their free time. The average banker and average trucker make the same amount of money. The former rub with facts and people who help them make more money while the later are isolated with interests that are counter productive. They come together to keep people in the minority from achievement. They use the law to further their position. George Wallace had the local law on his side. If race is to be neutralized as a factor, we must have an educated public first — then laws to provide justice.

Lyndon Johnson did a good job of leadership with the 1972 Civil Rights Act. It cost the Democrats the South. Bigotry still exists in the United States.

Michigan voters proved that. The first step is to determine how long it will take to overcome the 150 years of denial of an adequate education to Blacks in this country. The voters are not qualified to answer that question. I would trust the leaders of the University of Michigan to know what they need to do. As well as the leaders who set admissions policy at other higher ed institutions. Their needs will be different, as witnessed by the Wayne State example. And, some will need to be forced to do right by minorities.

We also need more efforts like this one to create better public awareness of our history and similarities.

Bill

William Sumner Scott, J.D.

Judicial Equality Foundation, Inc.

wss@jefound.org

William Sumner Scott, J.D., at 12:30 pm EST on January 11, 2007

errata from WSS

It was the 1964 Civil Rights Act not 1972 for Lyndon Johnson.

Bill

William Sumner Scott, at 1:01 pm EST on January 11, 2007

Just like in China?

” .. The voters are not qualified to answer that question ..”

Hmm .. yes. Last night on PBS, the special on China, noted how in local city elections, sometimes the Chinese Communist Party unilaterally prevents the winners from taking office due to “anti-democratic” and “counter-revolutionary” statements.

How insightful and brilliant, such thinking can exist on both sides of the world. Including how laws are OK if LBJ is involved, but otherwise not. Four legs good, two legs bad.

L.L., at 1:01 pm EST on January 11, 2007

>>The first step is to determine how long it will take to overcome the 150 years of denial of an adequate education to Blacks in this country. The voters are not qualified to answer that question. I would trust the leaders of the University of Michigan to know what they need to do.

Wait a minute...I thought the purpose of racial preferences at UM was to promote diversity, not to overcome the effects of historical discrimination and inequality (which, of course, would be unconstitutional based upon long-standing Supreme Court precedent). Your not saying, perish the thought, that “diversity” is simply a convenient justification for otherwise impermissible racial discrimination, are you?

Al, at 2:16 pm EST on January 11, 2007

I just visited the website. While it has some useful information, it also has much misleading information that is surely influenced by certain value orientations commonly shared by members of the AAA. The value orientations are obviously supposed to be agreed with in coming into contact with the information given. Take for example the life experience section. This was very obviously designed to make a person walkiing away from it say “wow, we sure are a racist society.” But of course by selectively presenting information and hoping that observers jump to the same (not always justified) conclusions as they would and do, the AAA does everyone a disservice. For example they mention that in “San Jose” white motorists, while making up x% of the population are “only” y% of those stopped by police. As I teach my classes, these stops may be out of porportion because of perfectly legitimate legal reasons (perhaps white motorists speed less, or drive reckelessly less, for whatever reason). Of course, they may be due to a policy that is not overtly racist but that nevertheless has a disparate impact on certain groups (stopping all older cars for example). Or this could mean that, yes, the officers are stopping people for quite overtly racist and discriminatory reasons. But the AAA I suspect, typical of many social science groups, does not give us the extra information because they do not want us to think ‘critically’ about such issues as they want people to agree with their perspective (that we have very racist institutions). Maybe their persepctive is correct, but they certainly do a disservice by trying to ‘trick’ folks into accepting it this way...

Ken, at 3:55 pm EST on January 11, 2007

“Trust me”

WSS says:

I would trust the leaders of the University of Michigan

Hoo boy, you must never have worked in a university.

Trust?, at 4:55 pm EST on January 11, 2007

A Question, Gently Posed

Here’s a question that I pose to anyone who responds with bitterness, complaint, or condemnation when they hear about the American Anthropological Association’s exhibition and website on race: What are you doing to erase racism in America and the world in your own small way?

Jonathan David Jackson, at 5:16 pm EST on January 11, 2007

Teaching America about race

I find it very interesting that we live in a country where many can reject the need for affrimative action, declare that we need to move past racial and gender preferences and still ask the question (as posed on several national news outlets) “Is America ready for a black President, Is America ready for a female President?” Ask youeself is America ready, and if not, why?

Kenneth, at 8:20 pm EST on January 11, 2007

Kenneth,

I think the connection between the two issues is tenuous at best. We could also legitimately ask “Is America ready for a Mormon president?"(and, if not, why not), but that certainly doesn’t mean that we should have preferences for Mormons (although they probably would add more real diversity to many college campuses).

Al, at 10:10 pm EST on January 11, 2007

Do facts matter?

“Is America ready for a black President, Is America ready for a female President?”

Doesn’t that depend on what answers given by the candidate(s) involved?

I mean, if you enjoy answering questions as much as asking them (doubtful), “is Hilliary just like Condi?” Or “Is Obama like Mr. Justice Thomas?”

B.D., at 10:10 pm EST on January 11, 2007

Do Facts Matter

B.D.,Thanks for your comment. It would be nice if the facts were the only criteria we use to judge a person’s ability to be the cheif executive of this nation. The answers a candidate gives should definitely be considered in deciding who should be the next president, but I have yet to hear Sens. Obama or Clinton ask “Are you ready for me America?” On second thought, maybe by expressing an interest in the office, they did. I’m just saying, if the playing field were level, that question wouldn’t be asked and shouldn’t even matter. Shouldn’t more folks be upset that the question has come up in the first place? Did anyone bring up in Condi’s confirmation hearings “Is America ready for a Black woman as National Security Advisor or Secretary of State?” Did anyone ask outright of Justice Thomas “Can America accept another Black man on the Supreme Court?” Besides, neither Ms. Rice or Justice Thomas has expressed aspirations to the nation’s highest office.

Kenneth, at 6:35 am EST on January 15, 2007

AI,Thanks for your comment. I think you’re right, we could legitimately ask “Is America ready for a Mormon President?” My point is, this question has not been asked, and probably will not be asked. Mit Romney won’t have to “prove” that America is ready to accept his candidacy. He’s filed his papers, established his exploratory committee, and off he goes. Neither Sens. Obama or Clinton have officially announced their candidacy, yet we are asked can this country accept a man of African decent or a woman as President.

Kenneth, at 6:36 am EST on January 15, 2007

Biological Differences

Studies by professors such as Philippe Rushton and Charles Murray have shown that there are biological differences between the races. These differences have been established through millions of years of evolution, and if one believes in evolution, then it is virtually impossible to not believe in biological racial differences. In 2005,Bruce Lahn, an Asian-American professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, reported that DNA analysis had shown signs of recent evolution in the brains of some people(Asians and Europeans), but not others(sub-Saharan Africans). The political correctness police were quick to attack, and by 2006, even though he still stands behind his findings, Mr Lahn was intimidated into backing off his research, claiming “It’s getting too controversial.” He has now moved on to other fields that do not involve studies of the brain.Thanks to the religion of egalitarianism and equality, and with the help of the AAA, it may be a long time before we as a society are open to learning the full truth of human genetic variations and the biological differences between the races.

barack for prez, at 2:10 pm EST on January 21, 2007

RACE and America

the previous post is incorrect. There are a number of researchers working on the genetics of race. The information you mentioned about human variation in the brain contradicts the current understanding. For example you say these mutations are not occuring in Sub Saharan African brains. The questions you should ask is what are the environmental factors of these mutations? are they deleterious or neutral. How do these finding concur with African people having the greatest level of diversity of any people on the planet earth. As stated by the AAA site under human variation. You have to be careful of how you interpret these results as a lay person or as a geneticist.Science is defined in social settings so the interpretation is influenced by imperfect members of racially motivated society.

Zoser, at 4:30 am EST on January 25, 2007

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