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Minority Gains and Gaps

Minority enrollment at colleges and universities rose by just over 50 percent, to 4.7 million students, between 1993 and 2003, according to the American Council on Education.

The council is today releasing its annual report on the status of minority groups in higher education — a compilation of the most recent data published by the Education Department and other agencies, along with data gathered by the association. As is usually the case, an optimist could find plenty of signs of progress — this year with gains in college enrollment rates, graduation in key programs, and graduate degree attainment, among other categories.

A pessimist could note the many gaps between black and Hispanic students and their white and Asian counterparts. In particular, figures for black and Latino males remain far behind not only white and Asian men but also behind black and Hispanic women.

“I think this report speaks to the work that’s yet to be done,” said James C. Renick, senior vice president for programs and research at the council and former chancellor of North Carolina A&T State University. With Michigan voters about to consider a proposal to bar affirmative action at public colleges and universities, he said that the data show the need for continued efforts to diversify higher education.

“I think some people are looking for very simple answers to very complicated problems,” he said.

Generally, the report documents gaps that start with high school completion rates and extend through graduate school. Renick stressed the importance of working on educational inequities at all levels — without progress in high schools, the pool for college is limited, and so on throughout the pipeline.

Both black and Hispanic high school completion rates increased in the last decade, the report found. The completion rate for black people aged 18 to 24 increased to 77.8 percent from 75.6 percent. For Hispanics, the increase was to 64.4 percent, from 56.6 percent.

The report contains evidence that the gender gap in college enrollments — which has been present generally in higher education, but especially among black students — may become a key factor in recruiting Latino students. Much of the gain in Hispanic high school completion rates in the last decade was by women. Hispanic women now have a high school completion rate of 70.1 percent, while the rate for men is 59.1 percent. (During the same decade, white high school completion rates increased by two percentage points, to 87.6 percent).

Among the highlights of the new report:

  • Hispanic and Native American enrollments increased faster at four-year institutions than at two-year institutions, which have historically been a key sector for their enrollment. In the 10-year period covered by the report, American Indian enrollment increased by 39 percent, while enrollment at four-year institutions was up by 50 percent. (At the same time, the number of minority students earning associate degrees nearly doubled.)
  • For both white and minority students, the fastest growth in degrees attained was at the master’s level. From 1993-4 to 2003-4, master’s degrees awarded to white students increased by 21.5 percent while those awarded to minority students increased by 105.7 percent.
  • Minority enrollments and degrees showed significant increases in a number of science and business fields.
  • As has been the case in recent years, more students are not selecting a box from the choices for recial or ethnic group.

The ACE report extends to the college presidency, where it finds that most presidential positions continue to be held by white men. The last five years, however, have seen significant diversification, particularly among women of all ethic groups. Community colleges are also significantly more diverse at the presidential level. These data come from ACE’s database of presidents. (Note: The figures do include women’s and historically black or minority-serving institutions.)

Presidents by Gender, Race and Ethnicity, 2005

Group

Number of Presidents, 4-Year Institutions

% Change, 2000-5

Number of Presidents, 2-Year Institutions

% Change, 2000-5

White men

1,441

+10.2%

700

+3.6%

White women

322

+9.9%

253

+18.2%

Black men

104

+15.6%

40

-2.4%

Black women

37

+54.2%

30

+50.0%

Hispanic men

33

+10%

33

-8.3%

Hispanic women

9

+125%

15

+66.7%

Asian American men

29

+11.5%

7

+133.3%

Asian American women

5

+0%

4

+33.3%

American Indian men

6

+20.0%

10

+0%

American Indian women

2

+0%

6

+20%

The full ACE report is not available online, but may be purchased from the council through its Web site.

Scott Jaschik

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Comments

What is “minority”

I notice you included Asians as minority, but I have a problem with the term Minority anyway. Why isn’t it ‘non-white’ vs. minority. Minority at one time meant ONLY black people, now it includes anyone who is non-Caucasian.As for how to stop the gap, it starts at the public school level and with the economic abilities of the parents. Black parents struggle enough and then to have to send a child to college is a heavy burden. Not to mention keeping that child hopeful & motivated while they go through college. That’s why I think the focus should be on vocational skills for ‘minority’ students so they can make a living first, and then emphasize going to college.

Sally, at 7:35 am EST on October 30, 2006

Minority Gains in Higher Ed.

Sally, this statement ” That’s why I think the focus should be on vocational skills for ‘minority’ students so they can make a living first, and then emphasize going to college.” Is the very thing that we as “minorities” have been fighting for hundreds of years. There are more than enough intellignet black and hispanic students that can go to college. They do not need a vocational track!!. You sound like the white school teacher that told her black children in the 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s that those dreams are unattainable and you should just go to trade school.

While this is a track that some students need, we most certainly do not all need to work first to become more College eligible!!!!

Good high school students need the resources to become good college students. If they have the grades, Colleges and Univresities have the resources on our campuses to get them graduated. PSU boast a 65% African American graduation rate. That’s better than the entire national average and 4th among state flagship universities. And our population is mostly urban and with little means. Are you telling me all of them should have “worked first".

It is time to take our heads out of the sand and make equal education for all a priority. Otherwise, we will continue to lose ground to every other ountry that educate their young for the betterment of their futures!!!!

Curt

Curt, Multicultural Director at Penn State, at 9:16 am EST on October 30, 2006

Sally’s comment reminds one of the debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington like Sally pushed for African-Americans to be taught vocational skills. It is irresponsible to suggest that minorities should only be taught vocational skills. While college is not for everyone, all students should at least have the opportunity to aspire to attend college rather than forced into a non-college track simply because they are a minority.

S.B., at 9:34 am EST on October 30, 2006

Booker T., is that you?

How about we do away with these blanket, non-descriptive terms and use appropriate labels when needed, such as “undereducated", “underrepresented"? That way, we can include whatever racial/ethnic/social group without making the discussion always (ALWAYS!) black and white.

Sally’s other suggestion to relegate the education and training of disadvantaged students, particularly those from racial/ethnic minority groups, to tech/vocational programs would be a detriment to our already diversity-challenged society.

The problem is not simply with employment or employability. Along with all of the other societal ills and -ism’s, disadvantaged persons suffer from a lack of personal vision. We should do all in our power to ensure that upcoming generations are aware not only the problems they face (believe me, they know, because we parents from disadvantaged groups do a fine job of reminding them through our fierce protective instincts and endless protesting), but also about the possibilities that exist for them—beyond skin color, hair texture, height/weight, gender, sexual identity, or religion.

Let’s keep two fires burning: one to eradicate the mechanisms that perpetuate disadvantages, and the other to build up our children and broaden their vision.

adrikin, at 9:34 am EST on October 30, 2006

Enrollment vs population

All you hear about is that minorities are only this percent or that percent of the student population. Nobody writes about their enrollment compared to population. In the Chronicles Almanac data shows that Blacks make up 12.8% of the population. Conversely, blacks make up 12.6% of the student population. Asians are reported as comprising 4.2% of the population, but are 6.5% of the student population. Whites are 80.4% of the population, but only 66% of the student population. Where am I going with this? Well, if for example blacks make up 12.8% of the population, then why are we expecting the student population to be more than 12.8%? The almanac reports that minorities are 30.4% of student enrollment. That seems reasonable since they make up about that percent of the population. Why is the composition of student population expected to vary from the composition of the US population? I’m tired of student enrollment numbers evaluating racial framework, without making a comparison to the racial framework of the country.

Curt, I couldn’t agree more. “Good high school students (of any race) need the resources to become good college students... It is time to take our heads out of the sand and make equal education for ALL a priority.”

S.D., at 9:51 am EST on October 30, 2006

Presidency data

How can the numbers of four-year presidents have gone up so much in every race/ethnic category? By my calculations, there are 201 more in 2005 than in 2000. How did the statistics change among the institutions that were in the survey group in both years?

Nate Johnson, at 11:01 am EST on October 30, 2006

Minority enrollment

Curt: excellent question. African-American, Native American, and Hispanic populations are younger on average than Whites, not only because they have more children but also because they have shorter lives, on average. Thus, since post-secondary students are younger on average than the general population, people of color should actually be over-represented on campus, compared to the general population, in order to be equally represented compared to their chronological peers.

Alison, freelance journalist, at 11:51 am EST on October 30, 2006

Voc Ed is AWOL in our High School System

I’m a public school trustee, and unfortunately, no one of any race has enough opportunity to learn vocational skills. We turn our noses up at things like plumbing and electrical, turn our noses up at “voc ed” in general, eliminate wood shop, metal shop, autoshop, etc.....In order to take a voc ed class here in California, you have to go to a Regional Occupational Program, which sometimes means needing transportation to some other high school, and many of the courses are things like flower arranging, computer skills, etc. There’s nothing wrong with those things, and we offer some excellent programs for service industries, but what we think of as traditional voc ed — auto, electrical, carpentry — has been getting short thrift in our system. In the name of eliminating racism we do some pretty strange things and probably do a signficant number of students of every race a disservice.The role of voc ed has largely been left to the junior college system. Unfortunately, too many students who might have gotten hooked by voc ed drop out of high school without making it to the JCs. I suspect the lack of voc ed is a huge factor in our horrendous high school graduation rate.

Maryann, at 2:01 pm EST on October 30, 2006

When did Asians become a majority? Is it the fear that including Asians in the minority statistics shows too much gain?? Next we’ll see that the Hispanic women are doing too well and hurting the stats so it will be the growing gap from Whites, Asians and Hispanic Women vs the rest. God forbid the polarizing affirmative action industry loses steam with the “un"fortunate reality that the gap is minimal when we look at all minorities. But fear not, I have a new cause for you, according to the study Asian Men are grossly under represented as College Presidents (almost 4 to 1 for black men) oh wait I forgot, they are a majority now, someone send me a scorecard, I’m losing track.

Brian, at 12:30 pm EST on November 1, 2006

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