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News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Aug. 8, 2006
An End to Picking One Box
More than 6.8 million people in the 2000 Census of the United States picked more than one racial or ethnic category in which to place themselves. And 40 percent of them were under the age of 18, suggesting that millions will be arriving on campuses where the standard “pick one box” approach to race and ethnicity may no longer work.
Related stories
- Demographic Boom and Bust, March 20
- Communication and Comfort Across Ethnic Lines, March 13
- Chicago Bolsters Minority Numbers, Oct. 18, 2006
- New Arguments on Affirmative Action, June 21, 2006
- Price Increases Sharpest at Public Colleges, Sept. 30, 2005
On Monday, the U.S. Education Department — following nearly nine years of study and planning — released draft guidance for colleges on how to change the way they collect and report information about students’ race and ethnicity. The system proposed by the department would for the first time allow students to pick multiple boxes, with colleges reporting all of those who checked multiple boxes in a new “two or more races” category. In addition, the new system changes the way data will be gathered about Latino students and divides the “Asian and Pacific Islander” category into two distinct groups.
Experts on education statistics generally praised the changes, saying that they reflect the reality that race and ethnicity in the United States do not fit into neat categories. Many predicted that the guidance — if formally adopted, as is expected — would encourage colleges to adopt a similar approach on admissions forms. And several warned that the changes could have important policy ramifications, as the enrollment levels of some groups may appear to decrease. The big question mark for many remains whether these changes will stop the growth in the number of students who refuse to answer questions on race and ethnicity.
The proposed change that has been most sought in the new guidance concerns those who identify themselves as being from more than one racial or ethnic group. Previously, colleges had to report single identities. Some colleges have changed their admissions and other forms to allow people to check multiple boxes for some college purposes, but such institutions still had to use a traditional system for reporting data to the government. As a result, many colleges have held off on making a general change until the Education Department released its guidance. The department’s policies are based on directives from the White House Office of Management and Budget in 1997, so the long waiting period has been frustrating to many college officials and advocates for students of multiple races.
“We’ve been waiting for this to happen. No student should be forced to pick a single identity,” said Amanda Erekson of the Mavin Foundation, which pushes for the rights of multi-ethnic people. (The name comes from a Yiddish word for one who is an expert on something, and was selected by Matt Kelley, who founded the group in 1998 as a freshman at Wesleyan University.)
Erekson said that people like herself — she has Japanese-American and white ancestors — must navigate issues that don’t fit neatly into racial politics. When she was a student at Colgate University a few years ago, she was involved with minority groups, but startled some because she looks white.
Only 27 percent of colleges have policies that allow students like Erekson to avoid picking a single box, according to a report, “One Box Isn’t Enough,” released last year by the foundation. Erekson said that many college officials said that they would change once the Education Department announced its plans for adopting the 1997 OMB approach.
Barmak Nassirian, associate executive director of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, said it was “high time” for the Education Department to offer guidance, and predicted that most colleges would end up changing their systems to make them consistent.
Nassirian said that people need to be prepared that with the new system there will be a “discontinuity” with data previously collected. But he said that was an issue that would accompany any change and that the problems would be worked out over time.
Eugene Anderson, associate director of national initiatives at the American Council on Education, where he formerly was the lead researcher for reports on student demographics, predicted that several minority groups would see apparent slides in enrollment that might not reflect a real shift. While many students have complained about being forced to pick a single race, he said that many have done so anyway.
“The challenge is how this relates to historical data,” Anderson said. “The majority of people who are multiracial have connected to a primary ethnicity and in the past they were counted in that one ethnicity and now they would not.”
He predicted that there would be apparent drops in black, American Indian, and Asian enrollment, the latter drop accentuated by a splitting off of Pacific Islander from the Asian category. So a student with a Japanese-American father and a Pacific Islander mother would have shown up previously as Asian, but would now appear just in the “two or more” category. That category will not have breakouts so nationally, there will not be data indicating how many students there come from which combination of groups.
The data are important, Anderson said, because colleges examine such figures to look for gaps in their recruiting strategies or the success of their retention programs. Some government and foundation programs also are restricted to colleges with certain demographics.
Experts on Latino enrollment patterns predicted that changes proposed by the department would increase the participation of Latino students in surveys on race and ethnicity. The department has suggested that colleges use an approach similar to that used by the Census Bureau, but that differs from the past practice of many colleges, which have just included Latino or Hispanic as a racial category, or which have asked about Latino status after a racial category listing that did not include Latinos.
The system proposed by the department would have colleges ask students first if they are Latino or Hispanic, with just a yes/no answer. Then the second question would provide a choice of races: American Indian, Asian, African American, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or white. Because Latino students identify with multiple racial groups (or none), their total numbers would be clear by the first question, but they would not be restricted in how they want to identify themselves.
Deborah A. Santiago, vice president for policy and research at Excelencia in Education, a group that focuses on Hispanic higher education issues, said that many Latino students have been discouraged by past configurations of these questions and so have not answered at all. By asking about Latino or Hispanic identity first, colleges should get more participation “and more clarity,” she said.
“By asking up front, and using the two-question approach, you are going to get the numbers,” she added.
Where experts are uncertain about the numbers are with students who are not providing information about their racial background at all. Between 1991 and 2001, the number of students in higher education for whom race is unknown increased by 100 percent, to 938,000 — and those numbers have increased further, to over 1 million, since then. The identities of these students and their motivations have become the subject of considerable interest — with some speculating that many of these students are white and others disagreeing.
Some believe that white students are refusing to answer the question, fearing that a non-minority answer may hurt their chances of admission or financial aid. But other researchers counter that the trend is not restricted to competitive institutions and turns up in open-admissions institutions as well. Advocates for students of multiple identities have argued that many of these students avoid racial choices that force them to select a single category, and that an approach like the one the Education Department is now suggesting would encourage more of them to answer the question.
But the most common answer to the question of how a new system might change those refusing to answer was: Only time will tell.
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Comments
Where are George Orwell and Joseph Heller now that we need them? Perhaps the insanity of classifying everyone by ‘race’ and allocating societal benefits accordingly will collapse under its own absurdity, shamed by derision into oblivion. This is moving from tragedy to farce. The move toward farce needs to be at all possible speed since the tragedy can be all to real; just ask the people of Sri Lanka, Rawanda, the Balkans etc.
E Pluribus Unum, at 8:40 am EDT on August 8, 2006
Bad Decision
This opens a big can of worms for researchers. We need real statistics, not just an “anything goes—check as many boxes as you like” policy. The bureaucrats have cowtowed to the hyper-sensitive once again. I have better success at getting meaningful responses when I leave out the “unknown” option, and simply say, “which one of the following options best categorizes your ethnicity?”
As the article suggests, the numbers of many categories will diminish to meaninglessness. To the extent that research can help minorities by showing administrators the composition of their institutions, this is a definite step into the coming dark ages. Simple is good—having too many options leads to murky data.
Have a happy day!
Cal, at 8:45 am EDT on August 8, 2006
To Cal
Cal,
Simple is good, but race is not simple. Individuals of multiple races are not hyper-sensitive in wishing to identify with all of their racial parts, they just want to avoid being catagorized in ways that do not accurately portray their racial identity. If this makes the data murky, well, that’s because issues of race are murky.
Meghan, at 9:15 am EDT on August 8, 2006
New can, old worms
Actually, Cal, the problem for researchers was one that already existed but went unrecognized. Jamaicans, Africans and Dominicans were lumped in with African-Americans. Caucasians may include anything from Israelis to Russian immigrants along with sixth generation Americans. It has not been a reliable statistic for years, particularly if one recognizes the extreme cultural differences in these groups. This is what you get when you mix politics and research — if it’s not a protected class, it does not count.
GoFigure, at 9:15 am EDT on August 8, 2006
The new categories will undoubtedly complicate the lives of statisticians, but so personal a question as one’s racial or ethnic identity should permit people to respond as THEY see fit. If someone doesn’t see herself as belonging to a single racial or ethnic category, why should she be forced to choose one? That America has been moving rapidly in the direction reflected by the proposed changes, has been clear to everyone for quite some time. Perhaps as categories become appropriately looser they will also become appropriately more unimportant. I look forward to the day that DNA testing proves that we’re all a hodgepodge of racial and ethnic types, and race/ethnicity can finally become merely “colorful.”
Norman Keul, at 9:15 am EDT on August 8, 2006
A thought
Well. We in the higher Ed, all know this is comming. However, there is a question that kept bothering me.
In general, the purpose of this collection of data is for analyzing and understanding how race/ethnic played out in the higher ed. Couple of topics that may of interest are: enrollment policies, retention strategies, student support strategies or maybe racism.
To study these topics meaningfully, the race/ethnic data need to reflect the perceived or the acting differences of the sample. For example, a Black-White student may look Black while with White values. To study the achievement of this student, you may considered that he/she is discriminated. On the other hand, his/her White values may have contributed to his/her success academically. The race/ethnic data collected using 1997 OMB protocole could not help in clarifying the situation and the only possible result is likely to show that the successes of this kind of students are somewhere in between the Black and the White, which is of very little value.
Duncan, at 10:00 am EDT on August 8, 2006
Cal has some good points but if you read the proposal itself it stresses that it is a compromise between statistical accuracy and the cost to the institutions to gather, analyze, and report the data. I’m not terribly happy with the decision to report “Hispanic/Latino” as one of seven race and ethnicity options but it’s a decent compromise. They’re absolutely right in that if it were reported seperately or if the different combinations of race were reported seperately the amount of data would increase significantly. It’s also worth noting that the institutions are required to keep the raw data for a few years in case the more detailed data is required. Finally, there also appears to be significant latitude for collecting the data — this only specifies what should be reported to the federal government and may differ significantly from what is required by many states or institutions.
Kevin Guidry, at 10:05 am EDT on August 8, 2006
I have to agree with E Pluribus Unum “Perhaps the insanity of classifying everyone by ‘race’ and allocating societal benefits accordingly will collapse under its own absurdity". Race continues to be an issue because people keep making it an issue. I understand the desire to statistically know the enrollment composition, but really those numbers don’t mean much anyway. I’m 1/2 Portugese and 1/2 French, but who cares? No one. I’m classified as caucasian and don’t qualify for anything free or reduced. Over time the lines will blur.
Just me, at 10:30 am EDT on August 8, 2006
hypersensitivity or accuracy
As a researcher I’m concerned that requiring colleges to report “two or more races” is terribly imprecise and will lead to a loss of valuable data. However, as a bi-racial individual, I find Cal’s primary assertions ridiculous. This isn’t a matter of being hypersensitive. It should be a matter of accuracy. I am African-American AND Irish-American. I look neither but both have shaped my goals, ideals, and values. Categorizing me as one or the other would be a fallacy.
Meegan, at 10:45 am EDT on August 8, 2006
As both a researcher in higher education and someone who has for years drawn in a box, labelled it “two or more of the above", and checked it when identifying my racial/ethnic identity, I feel somewhat qualified to comment. Personally, I will be pleased to be able to acknowledge my racial and ethnic heritages accurately. I am what I am and my personality and character — and, yes, my appearance — are all shaped by the contributions of my ancestors.
As an educational researcher, I also see that it may be less easy to classify and categorize students or to make attributions of cause and effect or relationship between race/ethnicity and outcomes in education. However, I question the accuracy of findings that result from relatively arbitrary classification of students of multiple heritages.
The “two or more” classification proposed may be a greater problems for those working from federal databases than for local institutional researchers, however. For local institutional researchers, the internal student databases should be fully available and the ability to group students into smaller classifications may lead to better analysis of needs and help develop better options in recruitment, retention, and overall student success. And, of course, we can always aggregate data but we cannot disaggregate data that is collected at too high a level.
Diane, at 10:55 am EDT on August 8, 2006
A clarification
I really appreciates Just me, Meegan and Diane’s input to this discussion.
I do, however, like to make sure my point does not get mis-interpreted. I am sure that both parents’ values contributes to your success.
What I really trying to say is that the cold, biologic and genetic classfication is really not as important as the culture, the look and those espects that pereceived by you and the society.
It is definitly true that, even if we use the look to classify, we can still have people like Meegan that will pick 2 races. But at least, we values a person’s identification more that of the biological composition.
*Another note: America is great! The collection of this info is to monitor possible mis-behavior(e.g. discrimination) of our society against our believes. Yes, maybe the race is no longer a big issue in our society, but without these collection, there will be no good proof or dis-proof.
Duncan, at 11:35 am EDT on August 8, 2006
Despite the fact that collecting racial data is none of the government’s business, at least they realize that the days of “one box fits all” are long gone...
K.T., at 12:30 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
Let’s just not ask the question any more. Problem solved.
Canadian-American, Dean, Academic Affairs at Los Angeles City College, at 12:30 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
Colleges should ixnay the whole thing
Let’s drop the ethnic questions. My wife was born in the Phillipines and my background is German/Irish, with some English/Scottish thrown in for good measure.
Meanwhile, my oldest child goes to a college admissions web site earlier this year and is forced to identify herself with only one group. How long have blacks been marrying whites and having kids (Derek Jeter)? Same with blacks and Asians (Tiger Woods)? Whites and Asians?
Let’s retire the system gracefully over the next 10-20 years.
TK, at 1:35 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
Other
Why not just go with the good old “other” box with a line or two to list the details vs. having to “check” all these one size fits all boxes. Granted in due time everyone will be “other” with long lists of ancestrial racial history which would be more accurate. After all, a tailored shirt fits much better than a one-size fits all shirt (produced for the mass) any day.
Kay, at 2:25 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
Once, a long time ago, people were classified as to what country they were from. Frenchmen didn’t marry Irish women, etc... and then came America, where people were able to intermarry with those of other faiths and backgrounds with no problem and no prejudice. Yes, let’s have as many check boxes as we need to make this a non-issue because the answers are meaningless. Potential students (the customers) just want to know if there is anyone who looks like them and has the same beliefs and concerns as they do at the respective institution. The answer, of course, is always “yes and no". Life is a gray area. Let’s stop trying to make it red, white, black or brown.
Joey, at 3:25 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
Somebody wants these stats...
No matter how ways higher education people pretty up the race question it still bristles. People want the data; they like to recite here and there the stats for whatever the debate is at the moment. Let’s ask students their astrological sign; data may be more useful.
Color Blind, Registrar, at 5:15 pm EDT on August 8, 2006
truly colorblind?
When we get these stats can we require that people stop exclusively socializing with people of their race or ethnicity? By the time people get to college, they should be required to have friends of all races.
Larry, at 8:25 am EDT on August 9, 2006
Has anyone seen the PBS DVD, “Race: The Power of an Illusion"? These comments show how powerful the illusion of race is indeed. Spencer Wells’ National Geographic DVD, “The Search for Adam” further questions the relevance of race. What if we would all classify ourselves as members of the human race with a common ancestor? Then we could work on relevant topics like peace, justice, and brotherhood v. checking boxes on a form.
Rose, at 1:55 pm EDT on August 9, 2006
The drive towards race diultion
America remains to function as a place that cannot be trusted when it comes to ensuring equality for all its members. To move forward with this multi-race category, is counterproductive to the mission of ensuring that all underrepresented and/or disadvantaged groups receive equal consideration. Furthermore, it will potentially harm advocacy efforts on behalf of organizations (e.g. NAACP, Urban League etc) that use research and data to voice concerns to our government and those responsible for affecting policy. Finally, there is no question that students, when giving the option, will select whatever category they believe will give them the most benefit
Denesia, at 3:40 pm EDT on August 9, 2006
Disadvantaged
The greatest number of impoverished Americans fall under the category of “white female". The second largest group of impoverished Americans falls under the category of “white male". For all of you discrimination collectors out there, get a life.
GoFigure, at 5:50 am EDT on August 10, 2006
It seems to me for an example, that when people who migrate for Egypt, and according to INS all persons from Egypt are white, and it drives a person who wants to identify with their race, African, they must file a suit against the INS to allow that one person or a group of people to be who they are. The issue is, when “others” try to define our culture and race for us then it becomes a serious issue. Let us not forget the “One Drop Law", which in reality, in spirit and actions still exsist, that categorizes any person with one drop of African blood is Black. Well there goes the whole classification system out of the window. Since we all originated from on mother and father in Africa, you make the call.
Cultural, at 7:20 pm EDT on August 10, 2006
Values?
Duncan, what distinguishes “white values” from values of any other particular race?
This whole system is a mistake. The idea of races determining anything about a person’s inherant qualities has been considered solidly wrong in the scientific world for over a half a century.
Yet, somehow, the idea persists that we can can make some sort of correlation between racial phenotypes like skin color (which, incidentally, don’t even correspond all that well to the genetics) and the quality of the person.
Kevin, Undergraduate, at 9:10 pm EDT on August 10, 2006
The real issue is the lack of preparation for higher ed for students of color throughout the U.S. Since many schools want their student bodies to reflect the reality of a 21st century American multi-ethnic society, they are forced to compete for the limited number of ‘qualified’ students of color. If there were no way to identify these students (other than by last or first names), then 20 years down the road their institutions would be lily-white. The box serves a purpose for research and for institutional balance. You may not want the box because you believe our society no longer fits into the box. Speaking of boxes, turn on the one sitting on your entertainment stand. Whose faces do you see? Do you see a representation of our society? Or do you see a famous TV series (now canceled) set in Manhattan with virtually all white people? Do you see its clone on CBS this fall (The Class) with all white people too? I could use other mediums as well (television and print journalism and radio) to illustrate the dearth of diverse viewpoints. Race is a social construct, not a biological classification. In order to give voice to those in the minority, statistics need to reflect accuracy and (more importantly) significance. If something is statistically insignificant, it carries no weight in the national debate. The young lady who posted a comment earlier may feel like she’s African-American and Irish-American, but when she goes to apply for a job, the HR person is going to see her as black. That’s reality.
G.L., at 10:10 am EDT on August 14, 2006
Race as a social/political construct
The most important question is: Will the schools and society be better off with added classifications? Very few comments examined the history of racism in this country that hobbled so many people of color for generations and continues to do so. While Blacks, for instance, do not represent the greatest number of poor people in the country — although I’m happy to see this pointed out that there are more poor Whites — Blacks are one of the oldest ethnic groups and dispropotionately poorer. The society/government/schools are looking at gaps and trying to narrow them to dismantle race and class bias and other policies and practices that discriminate.
Yes, skin color does make a difference. This is why the term white skin privilege resonates. In the U.S. and other countries it continues to be the color of your skin moreso than the content of your character. And yes, racism is still alive and well. Additionally, there are plenty of ‘qualified” students of color. In a fairer society there would be even more.
It is important to examine race as biology but also race as a social/political construct.
Malaika, at 11:35 am EDT on August 14, 2006
Biology vs. Culture
When the “race” question is asked, what is the data that researchers are wanting to know? Is it the quantity of melanin in one’s skin? I strongly doubt it. What researchers are attempting to find is what culture(s) one aligns himself or herself toward. Unfortunately, we do not have nice, neat categorizations for the definition of culture. But, we make a further mistake by hoping that a student self-defining their “race” will give us that information. We are all of the “human race” — one race. We are of different cultures. If a white male growing up in a black culture neighborhood were to answer the question, the researchers would get the skin color (and who cares about that?) and not get the real information they are looking for: the culture and environment one comes from. If we are aiming to understand priveledge and discrimination, we have to stop using skin color as a basis for our data — it is meaningless.
As our culture has morphed into valuing “tolerance” (the new definition: whatever you do is fine *and I approve* [even if it is against my beliefs]), we would never push to categorize by one’s culture. If we did, moral judgments could start being made about different cultures — and as a post-modern society, we would never go there — it is not currently acceptable.
Therefore, our skin color is currently reported upon though it has no value. And what does have value, the reporting of culture, will never happen until pluralism and post-modernism is removed. So, we sit here twidling our thumbs. The answer is before us, but a return to objective truth would have to come first.
An Observer, at 1:05 pm EDT on August 17, 2006
An End to Picking One Box
If you really believe that all whites are privileged and all “minorities” are disadvantaged, you should advocate the following:
1) Exclude from minority benefits and classifications all persons who “look white.”
2) Exclude from minority benefits and classifications all Hispanics who identify themselves as “white.”
3) Reclassify as “minority” all persons who don’t “look white” (regardless of what the paper trail says).
A.D. Powell, at 6:00 am EDT on August 20, 2006
Well Said
Thank you, Rose. Well said.
S.D., at 9:05 am EDT on August 21, 2006
As a bi-racial or bi-ethnic or whatever the latest PC-term is... I’ll continue to check the box, “irrelevant and none of your d*mn business.”
K.T., at 11:00 am EDT on September 27, 2006
Being multi whatever
To all of the above, I would like to refer you to an award-winning documentary made in the 1990’s entitled “None of the Above", which examines the personal dilemmas of people of multiple ethnic/racial/phenotypical/national/cultural origins. The mix can be both a blessing and a curse, depending on the context in which the multi-heritage individual is at any moment. It may take some digging to find the documentary, but it should be in some libraries. Try a search engine....
Henrietta Carter, Chair, Visual and Performing Arts at Golden West College, at 12:50 pm EDT on June 11, 2007
A little bit of history
For those that aren’t aware and those that don’t remember, the multiracial movement became divided over this very same issue when lobbying the Census Bureau to revise the data collection methods on race. Some in the movement wanted a multiracial box but that seemed destined for failure since other minority groups were afraid of diminished numbers. A compromise was struck that allowed multiple identification without creating a separate box. In fact, it wasn’t until the American Medical Association weighed in with the possible health consequences that might occur if people are not identified properly that really tipped the scales to allow multiple choice. The multiracial movement found unlikely support from the neo-con’s of the day (Newt Gingrich et al) because they were hoping the separate box would diminish the numbers of minorities. To this day, the multiracial movement is still bitterly divided over this option. I’m not surprised to find the Department of Education, controlled by the conservative executive branch, proposing the same methodology already rejected by the Census Bureau. People should be allowed to check multiple boxes. The question being asked is not “what race ARE you?” Science teaches us that there is no such thing as race so you can’t BE a race. Rather, the question you are asking is “with what race do you IDENTIFY?” The multiracial movement teaches that this is perfectly acceptable and possible to identify with more than one race. Therefore, if anything, the numbers of minorities may actually increase as people identify all of how they identify. So you may have 1000 students enrolling and when you add the racial groups you end up with 1010 people, say. But there should be no confusion since you know how the data is collected. Is there a separate “multiracial” identity? And should it be acknowledged? Sure there is and yes it should. But a separate box isn’t needed. Simply count the number of people that checked more than one box. Computers are really good at doing this kind of stuff.PS: Good to hear from you Henrietta. We met a long time ago although you probably don’t remember me.
Thomas Lopez, Past president at Multiracial Americans of Southern California, at 6:15 pm EDT on June 11, 2007
More on MASC
Yes, Thomas, I remember meeting you at MASC.For those living in Southern California, you might be interested in a MASC (Multiracial Americans of Southern California) event on Saturday, June 30, in honor of the 40th Anniversary of the Loving V. Virginia Court Decision (www.lovingday.org), a barbecue celebration at Dockweiter Beach, 12000 Vista del Mar, Playa del Rey, CA,90296. Call 818-481-4516 for more information. MASC as an organization is part of AMEA (Association of Multiethnic Americans), a national umbrella organization of similar local groups concerned with a broad range of issues affectiong those with multiple heritages. AMEA plays a vital role in bringing these important issues to national attention.
Henrietta Carter, Chair, Visual and Performing Arts at Golden West College, at 1:25 pm EDT on June 14, 2007
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Tiger what?
Can someone please tell me if Tiger Woods is African-American or Asian? What would King Soloman have done?
John Burgess, Education Consultant, at 3:55 pm EDT on October 15, 2007