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What You Do All Day

People in academe constantly talk about the division of professors’ time between teaching, research and service. But according to new data and a report released by the U.S. Education Department on Wednesday, the real triptych of higher education work activity is teaching, research, and administrative duties.

The figures were released in a study of faculty members’ characteristics and work activities. The data were collected in 2003.

The Education Department’s new analysis indicated that while doctoral faculty members spend much more time on research than do other professors, they report spending less than one-third of their total time at work focused on research.

Use of Time by Full-Time Faculty and Instructional Staff, by Sector

Institution Type

Teaching

Research

Administrative Duties

Public doctoral

50.8%

28.2%

21.1%

Private doctoral

49.3%

28.5%

22.3%

Public master’s

66.4%

14.3%

19.4%

Private master’s

68.7%

10.9%

20.4%

Private baccalaureate

67.7%

12.0%

20.3%

Public community college

79.8%

3.5%

16.8%

When analyzed by disciplines, the data indicate that professors in the humanities and fine arts spend the most time teaching, while professors in the natural sciences and engineering spend the most time on research.

Use of Time by Full-Time Faculty and Instructional Staff, by Discipline

Discipline

Teaching

Research

Administrative Duties

Agriculture/home economics

52.6%

24.0%

23.4%

Business

61.6%

20.9%

17.6%

Education

60.0%

15.0%

25.1%

Engineering

56.2%

26.2%

17.6%

Fine arts

67.1%

13.7%

19.2%

Health sciences

49.1%

19.1%

31.8%

Humanities

64.6%

17.5%

17.9%

Natural sciences

54.5%

29.7%

15.8%

Social sciences

55.4%

25.8%

18.8%

Another topic covered by the data is how much total time is spent with students — in the classroom, and by “contact hours,” which is a figure that multiplies the number of hours spent teaching by the number of students in those classes. Faculty members at community colleges lead — substantially — in both measures.

Average Weekly Hours Spent Teaching by Full-Time Faculty, by Sector

Institution Type

Classroom Time

Contact Hours

Public doctoral

8.1

287

Private doctoral

7.8

273

Public master’s

10.9

294

Private master’s

11.6

274

Private baccalaureate

10.6

223

Public community college

18.1

431

Analyzed by discipline, fine arts led in classroom hours while science fields — with larger class sizes — led in contact hours.

Average Weekly Hours Spent Teaching by Full-Time Faculty, by Discipline

Discipline

Classroom Time

Contact Hours

Agriculture/home economics

8.8

268

Business

10.0

318

Education

10.0

230

Engineering

7.9

197

Fine arts

11.0

244

Health sciences

10.5

344

Humanities

9.3

240

Natural sciences

9.1

323

Social sciences

8.2

279

The various splits of professorial time also raise the question of how much time professors spend on the job. Here the data indicate that the 40-hour week may be a reality for part-time professors (the data count hours spent on all jobs, including those outside academe), and that most full-time professors work well over a 40-hour week.Average Hours Worked Each Week, by Sector

Institution Type

Full Time

Part Time

Public doctoral

55.5

42.9

Private doctoral

55.2

42.4

Public master’s

53.3

38.4

Private master’s

51.8

42.4

Private baccalaureate

53.9

39.3

Public community college

49.3

39.0

Additional data in the report cover a wide variety of topics related to professors’ demographics, but much of this data is similar to other data previously released by the department or other groups. Among the highlights of the other data:

  • Faculty positions are most likely to be full time at doctoral institutions and the least likely to be full time at community colleges.
  • Doctoral institutions and engineering departments were more likely than other institutions and departments to employ Asian-American faculty members.
  • Black faculty members were most likely to be employed at institutions where a bachelor’s degree or lower was the highest degree awarded.
  • Women make up a larger share of the part-time faculty pool than of the full-time pool.

Scott Jaschik

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Comments

Proprietary schools?

It would have been instructive to see the data for proprietary schools.

If my experience is any indication, we spend 25-50% teaching, 0% on research, and the rest fulfilling administrative duties.

75% — 100% adjuncts.

About 50/50 male/female instructor ratio.

Name Withheld, Dean at Wysocki College, at 6:49 am EST on December 22, 2005

What does my university president do all day?

This is such a flawed “study” that it doesn’t really tell us much. Most of us know that our best work occurs off campus at home or where ever our best place to work w/o disruptions is.

I’m much more interested in what the president at my institution is doing besides sharpening his pencils, and why the board doesn’t get him out of his office to raise some money.

Workhorse, Assoc. Prof., at 10:08 am EST on December 22, 2005

THINK AGAIN!

I’ve worked in the corporate “real world,” and nothing is as grueling as being a professor. So those of you who think it’s an easy job can take another look. When you add to teaching, research, and admin the truly time-consuming things such as prepping classes, grading papers, traveling to conferences, appearing on panels, interviews, TV shows, etc., and trying to catch up on reading in between time, the weekly schedule is more like 60-70 hours per week (I regularly work 70). Most of this work is done out far from the view of staff, so it doesn’t surprise me that administrative assistants think we’re on vacation most of the time (just one of many reasons that they’re not the ones to evaluate our work). Most people who attempt to do what we do fail at it (including those who thought it would be a sweet deal and gave it a try, only to find out otherwise). To get three degrees, write and defend a dissertation, and cut through the grimmest job markets before we even START a career is a pretty challenging road. Then there’s the matter of getting tenure (many fail there as well, after so much time invested). Not to mention the fact that we usually have to move our lives (and bring along a partner who leaves a job behind). Lots of places to fall out of the race along the way. It is a great privilege to be in this role, but don’t think for a minute we didn’t work ourselves to death for it—and risk everything. All of this points to a huge need for professors to have better public relations—we need to communicate to the public what we really do; otherwise, people think we have a “sweet deal.”

Hard-Working Prof, at 12:05 pm EST on December 22, 2005

“I’ve worked in the corporate “real world,” and nothing is as grueling as being a professor. So those of you who think it’s an easy job can take another look. When you add to teaching, research, and admin the truly time-consuming things such as prepping classes, grading papers, traveling to conferences, appearing on panels, interviews, TV shows, etc.,”

Tee hee. Yes, those interview and TV show hours sure rack up.

As both a lawyer and professor, I have no idea how to find academic work more grueling than the “corporate real world,” as you put it. Maybe it’s those TV hours?

Alisoun, Oh, my, at 12:45 pm EST on December 22, 2005

Doing the Math (continued)

I appreciate the several responses to my comment. I do understand that teaching involves more than just classroom time, but I was assuming that research and administrative duties collectively make up the “prep time” that many of you mentioned. If prep time is a different category of time altogether — and I respect your collective view that it is — then it should be treated as a fourth “time bucket” in future studies.

Jim Boyle, at 1:09 pm EST on December 22, 2005

seriously diminishing returns

We need to remember that the data were gathered from interviews and questionnaires; nobody was watching these folks sitting down to read, or to write, or to chat with students. Of course, it is hard to imagine 35,000 faculty and staff to be liars, but we all must admit that there must be a good number of profs (especially tenure-hungry junior profs) who would inflate their numbers if only to boost their ego—and these would tend to tilt the average toward the realm of extreme (and fictional) heroics. But if it’s true, if so many people are working so hard for so long, it is astonishing how little we have to show for it. The lack of a more humane, civilized, rational society must lead us to conclude that the law of diminishing returns has set in—in a big, big way.

a graduate student, at 5:17 pm EST on December 22, 2005

ironic, really

“I’ve worked in the private sector. They expect results."— Dr. Raymond Stantz (Dan Aykroyd), Ghostbusters

I am an administrator at one of the lesser-known proprietary colleges. Our full-time instructors work 40-hour weeks. About half of that is spent either teaching or preparing for class. The rest is spent advising students and fulfilling various administrative duties.

Compared to 55 to 70 hours a week, this is a walk in the park. On the other hand, they do not get to set their own schedules, do interesting research, have a hope of securing tenure, or go to conferences.

An academic career might not be as sweet a deal as being born a Kennedy, but you do not see nearly as many mainstream academics trying to get out, as you see doe-eyed graduate students trying to get in.

Name Withheld, Dean at Wysocki College, at 9:28 pm EST on December 22, 2005

How much reading do WE do?

This is to the graduate student who asked “How many hours a week do academics (in the humanities) actually sit down on their butts and read?” I can only speak for myself, but I easily read at least 20 hours a week, often more, material specifically in my field or for presentations or publications I am working on. This is above and beyond the textbooks and articles I use in my classes for teaching, which I usually review briefly before I teach. One important task for any academician is to keep up with new discoveries or perspectives in the field. Moreover, I often review colleagues’ work for publication, hoping they’ll do the same for me one day. So, it is safe to say that I do not rest on my laurels—I am constantly reading to keep up to date on the new work in my field.

Dee, Asst Prof, at 11:16 am EST on December 23, 2005

For Jim Boyle

Jim: Responding to your comment about making “prep” time a 4th category. I disagree. Common Definitions in academia: 1. Research time: time spent on one’s research specialization. In major research institutions, this is commonly time spent on sponsored research, or in preparing grant proposals for sponsored research. Note that one’s research specialization may be quite different from one’s current teaching assignment(s). 2. Administrative time: time spent in department, college, and university committees, and other activities directly related to the operation of the institution. Totally unrelated to “teaching".3. Teaching time: time spent in reading related to teaching assignments, preparing lectures, delivering lectures, preparing exams and assignments, reading and grading assignments, papers, and exams, interviewing and assisting students.

It is relatively meaningless to separate “classroom hours” from the rest of teaching time; teaching time is all the time spent on one’s teaching assignments, as distinguished from one’s research interest and one’s administrative assignments.

It’s interesting that “service", meaning service to the public and to one’s profession, has been omitted from this survey (though many major institutions consider a faculty member’s duties to be “teaching, research, and service"). It’s been my experience in a career at a major research institution, that “service” as defined above is another 5-15 hours per week. Was this included, or omitted, in the estimates of total hours “worked"?

Jon, Professor Emeritus, at 11:05 pm EST on December 26, 2005

contrasting real world and ivory tower

Making generalizations about the “real world” vis-a-vis the ivory tower is ridiculous. There are many “real worlds,” and none of them have much in common. Before getting my “sweet deal” I worked for 6 years on an assembly line in a factory making furniture for $6 per hour for 50 hours per week, 51 weeks per year—with no retirement and little health care. It nearly killed me—literally! Yes, being a college teacher (under ANY circumstances) is a sweet deal by contrast.

Trying to make any meaningful generalizations about academia while comparing so many different types of institutions and various fields is futile. Example: while a student working on my ph.d. in history, I routinely averaged 80-90 hour work weeks (because, yes, all those books one has to read is one’s primary “job.") Now as a full-time asst. prof at a community college, I perform perhaps 30 hours per week of “mandatory” work, while I decide how much time beyond that I want to invest in research, reading, writing, conferences, etc. It may be another 30 hours some weeks, or it may be far more or much less. That’s a sweet deal.

churchup, at 9:24 am EST on December 27, 2005

A reply to all

All I have to say on the matter is that at least in our department, at our institution ALL of our professors are extremely hard working. But I beg all of you not to underestimate the amount of hard work and time required by the students. I am a mom of three, I work a full time and two part tiem jobs and I am a full time grad student as well. I think that is quite a bit!!!!!

Supermom, Grad Student and Speech Asst. at Texas Woman’s University, at 4:25 am EST on March 23, 2006

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